Bentton Group

From the book: Managerial Accounting for Managers by Noreen, Brewer, and Garrison Research and Application 5-34 The inquiries in this activity depend on the Benetton Group, an organization headquartered in Italy and known in the United States principally for one of its brands of style attire United Colors of Benetton. To address the inquiries, you should download the Benetton Group’s 2004 Annual Report at www. benetton. com/financial specialists . You don't have to print this archive to address the inquiries. Required: 1. How do the organizations of the salary proclamations appeared on pages 33 and 50 of Benetton’s yearly report contrast from each other (dismiss everything underneath the line named â€Å"income from operations†)? Which costs appeared on page 50 seem to have been renamed as factor selling costs on page 33? 2. For what reason do you thing cost of deals is remembered for the calculation of commitment edge on page 33? 3. Perform two separate calculations of Benetton’s make back the initial investment point in euros. For the primary calculation, use information from 2003. For the subsequent calculation, use information from 2004. For what reason do the numbers that you registered contrast from each other? 4. What deals volume would have been vital in 2004 for Benetton to achieve an objective pay from activities of â‚ ¬300 million? 5. Process Benetton’s edge of security utilizing information from 2003 and 2004. For what reason do your responses for the two years contrast from each other? 6. What is Benetton’s level of working influence in 2004? On the off chance that Benetton’s deals in 2004 had been 6% higher than what is appeared in the yearly report, what salary from activities would the organization have earned? What rate increment in pay from activities does this speak to? 7. What pay from tasks would Benetton have earned in 2004 on the off chance that it had put an extra â‚ ¬10 million in publicizing and advancements and understood a 3% expansion in deals? As another option, what pay from tasks would Benetton have earned on the off chance that it not just put an extra â‚ ¬10 million in publicizing and advancements yet in addition raised its business bonus rate to 6% of deals, in this manner producing a 5% expansion in deals? Which of these two situations would have been ideal for Benetton? . Accept that all out deals in 2004 stayed unaltered at â‚ ¬1,686 million (as appeared on pages 33 and 50); nonetheless, the Casual part deals were â‚ ¬1,554 million, the Sportswear and Equipment segment deals were â‚ ¬45million, and the Manufacturing and Other area deals were â‚ ¬87 million. What pay from tasks would Benetton have earned with this business blend? (Indication: take a ga nder at pages 36 and 37 of the yearly report. ) Why is the pay from tasks under this situation not the same as what is appeared in the yearly report?

The Boat by Alistair Macleod Essay Example For Students

The Boat by Alistair Macleod Essay The Boat by Alistair Macleod is described by a kid who has encountered huge despondency because of the loss of his father during his youth. As the composition is non-anecdotal, the storyteller rotates around his feelings and emotions about the harm done to him in first individual; this permits the peruser to recognize and identify with the character since he straightforwardly shares his sentiments with the peruser. The importance of death is unmistakably appeared with the assistance of a functioning voice as it is utilized nearly all through the entry to show how responsive and keen the character is while recuperating from his terrifying misfortune. We will compose a custom article on The Boat by Alistair Macleod explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The passing of the character’s father is of high importance; words, for example, â€Å"terrible fear† show the tension concerning the demise of the character’s father. Just so as to take his psyche off as â€Å"he’s hesitant to be separated from everyone else with death†, he enjoys exercises that occupy him from the possibility of death. The storyteller has utilized sound symbolism as he causes â€Å"loud sprinkling insufficient noises† to improve himself to feel. Rhyming words, for example, â€Å"fumbling† and â€Å"mumbling† have been utilized to show the disquiet the character’s experiencing. The storyteller utilizes pictures like â€Å"grey bodies on the flooding ashtray† which loaded down with undertones of death to delineate his difficulty, reflecting his passionate state. Dark, as a shading is viewed as negative. He talked about everything that was discouraging. Each action that the character did depicted some type of antagonism. The season during this stage was winter; this itself causes perusers to imagine anguish, it sets a discouraging state of mind for the entire entry. The creator has utilized expressions like â€Å"cold walk† to depict apathy. The storyteller picks up compassion as he consents to the server by saying â€Å"it sure is; it truly is†. The espresso he drinks is evidently â€Å"always bitter†, ‘bitter’ is a negative implication. The expressions, â€Å"There were just echoes and shadows† and â€Å"morning’s darkness† makes perusers draw unusual melancholic pictures. The storyteller relates between the past and the present; complicated subtleties are outlined in his psyche. He envisioned the different things his dad used to do and all the exercises associated with him, for example, the shore bound men â€Å"blowing their hands† and â€Å"stomping their feet†; nitty gritty symbolism has been utilized here for perusers to have away from of what the narrator’s communicating. Sometime the storyteller does â€Å"realize† that he’s â€Å"foolishly alone†. The word, ‘foolishly’ discloses to us that he has consistently been in his own fantastical world accepting that his father was most likely still with him. Reality comes clean with him as he thinks about what he had: the â€Å"call†, â€Å"voices†, â€Å"shapes† and the â€Å"boat† to what he has now: â€Å"shadows and echoes†, â€Å"voices from the rain† and â€Å"cuttings from and old movie†. The p ast appears differently in relation to the present, as perusers notice greater antagonism in the last mentioned. There is clear proof that narrator’s father is firmly associated with the pontoon as he says, â€Å"no one holds up at the base of the steps and no vessel rides anxiously in the waters†, in this expression, he is partner the vessel and probably, his father. The depictions of the narrator’s father tells perusers that he invested lion's share of his energy in the ocean as he â€Å"smelled of salt† and â€Å"tasted of salt†. One boss factor that reminded the storyteller about his dad was the â€Å"odour of salt†. The writer has utilized sound symbolism by and by embeddings phrases like â€Å"sound of his rain boots galumphing†, this permits the perusers to picture a man who has a substantial, loud walk. Additionally, the rain boots may have helped him to evade the sand from entering considering he invested a lot of energy close to the ocean. The â€Å"shaggy whiteness† of his hair reveals to us that he was an old man. .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .postImageUrl , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:hover , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:visited , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:active { border:0!important; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:active , .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubcd607061cb1ea0a8450a5e3da93133d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: How to Tame a Wild Tongue and The Squirrel Mother EssayAfter profound broad perusing of the section do perusers understand that the storyteller is an instructor who has been low-vivacious for ten healthy years with an away from of unpredictable insights about his dad and his youth exercises. In any case, there are a couple of ambiguities. He makes reference to toward the start of the subsequent passage, â€Å"at such times†, it is somewhat befuddling about which ‘times’ is he discussing. Toward the start of the fifth passage he notices, â€Å"Three or four of us†, were they simply irre gular individuals or comparative individuals who he could identify with, is somewhat vague. The entire entry is in current state; this permits perusers to interface quickly with what the narrator’s saying as it gives a sentiment of something that’s occurring while the peruser is perusing. Macleod has utilized a wide scope of symbolism, allegorical discourse, just as suitable lingual authority so as to draw out his motivation and importance to the perusers. The picture of the pontoon will in general complete strict and metaphorical hugeness in numerous pieces of the section. The storyteller appears to fear passing simply because of his father’s demise; he appeared to have been incredibly near his dad. He additionally seems to have an absence of opportunity; he needs to relinquish the past and move into the present be that as it may, the dread pulls him down. Generally speaking, the storyteller is incredibly expressive which helps in being successful as his significance and emotions are put across to the perusers in the most ideal manner conceivable.

Plan of Discipleship Essay

Presentation At the appointed time of serving the assemblage of Fairway Church it has become evident that there is a more noteworthy requirement for teaching among the un-churched and the de-churched of the encompassing network. It is accordingly, the goalâ of this work to present, explain, and elucidate the objective of the teaching services of Fairway Church in said setting. This activity must be viewed as basic not exclusively to the congregation yet in addition in the more extensive setting of crucial an entirety. It is the expectation in this manner, in the accompanying curricular arrangement that there would be satisfactory space and definition given to the accompanying regions of concern: Scriptural Foundations Center Ministry Values Social objectives (counting Slogans and Visuals) Quantifiable Objectives Base Path of Development (Measurable Steps) Including Vision Statement Distinguishing proof and portrayal of attributes of the objective gathering. Activity Plan Extension and Sequence Plan Spending plan and Communication Tools and Techniques Through the further characterizing and assessment of the above variables the objective of this curricular arrangement ought to be settled in the aggregate endeavors of the congregation all in all. In view of this one ought to be fit for acknowledging and craving to proceed in crafted by apprenticeship at Fairway Church. Besides, it ought to be noticed that teaching is no simple errand, yet it is an advantageous one. It ought to be the general objective of the nearby church just as individual adherents to be associated with the delegate work of Christ in the neighborhood setting. The order has been given, the get has been conveyed, as individual devotees the reaction in this manner, must be to follow well and look to make different adherents. Scriptural Foundations Seeing, accordingly, a requirement for substantial and complete apprenticeship it is the craving of this program to incorporate Scriptural substance into a useful effort position. It ought to along these lines, be the reason for this expositional segment to manage the Scriptural establishments of the underneath advancement ofâ a teaching technique. This must be done through a fruitful assessment of the call, the model, and the penance of Christ just as the model of Paul. Initial, one must see that Jesus has given a call to make supporters. In the event that the neighborhood gathering doesn't comprehend the fundamental basic of Christ toward apprenticeship, there is no expectation that a fruitful model may be accomplished. This call is communicated no place more clear than in Matthew 28:9 which states to the supporters of Christ, â€Å"Go hence, and make pupils everything being equal, sanctifying through water them for the sake of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.† 1 It ought to be seen that the objective of the pupil devotee ought to be to make other supporter adherents. This must not be undermined; it is the primary square of any effective apprenticeship procedure. Besides, one must try to increase a comprehension of Christ’ case of teaching. Here one must analyze the worry with respect to the subject of, â€Å"Why?† Why does one make pupils? In spite of the fact that, it can without much of a stretch be seen that Christ instructed this in the above section, there is a whole other world to this than a minor call to accomplish something in Christ’s name. As Francis Chan states, â€Å"God needs us to seek after specific activities, yet as we put God’s orders enthusiastically, our inspiration makes all the difference.† 2 An understudy of sacred text must comprehend that apprenticeship is at the core of Christ Himself. In all actuality Christ held an uncommon call to make devotees. This can be seen no place better than in Matthew 4:18-22. One peruses: â€Å"While strolling by the Sea of Galilee, he saw two siblings, Simon (who is called Peter) and Andrew his sibling, throwing a net into the ocean, for they were anglers. What's more, he said to them, â€Å"Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men.† Immediately they left their nets and tailed him. What's more, going on from that point he saw two different siblings, James the child of Zebedee and John his sibling, in the vessel with Zebedee their dad, repairing their nets, and he called them. Promptly they left the pontoon and their dad and followed him.† 3 This entry is key in understanding the case of Christ as he tried to make and lead supporters. Christ called individuals to come and tail Him. The neighborhood church ought to be about a similar business as they look to arrive at the way of life around them for Christ. This is in excess of an order, it is a way of life showed principally by Christ. Next, one who tries to be a pupil must typify the conciliatory existence of Christ. This doesn't direct that one must look to kick the bucket so as to follow Christ. Anyway it should lead devotees to comprehend the call to live conciliatorily even unto passing, if fundamental. Dietrich Bonheoffer brings up this by expressing that, â€Å"When Christ calls a man, he offers him come and die.† 4 This doesn't imply that Christ calls men to be executed but instead to live conciliatorily. The thought is a similar when one finds in Luke 9:23-24 that Christ calls individuals to live conciliatorily. The understudy of this content peruses, â€Å"And he said to all, â€Å"If anybody would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross day by day and tail me. For whoever would spare his life will lose it, however whoever loses his life for the wellbeing of I will spare it.† 5 This entry is likewise a key in the idea of fruitful apprenticeship system. To put it plainly, the adherent must be eager to live as though a cross was their objective. The devotee ought to comprehend that at last after Christ prompts the passing of self. Without this comprehension there is no way to effectively achieve the goal of making strong pupil supporters of Christ. Finally, one should see the down to earth applications to the above religious topics concerning teaching. This is no place displayed more completely than in Pauls’ service to the Philippians. Paul states in Philippians 3:17 concerning the congregation that, â€Å"Brothers, join in mimicking me, and keep your eyes on the individuals who stroll as indicated by the model you have in us.† 6 This ought to be viewed as straightforwardly identified with the idea of devotees as adherents. Paul is highlighting himself as a satisfactory model for devotees to follow. This point is vital in that it is feasible to the normal devotee. The individual believer of a specific church should try to encapsulate this model in any push to be a pupil making follower. People should try to make adherents of themselves and in this lead others to Christ. Basic beliefs With firm scriptural writings set up one should additionally try to developâ and execute the basic beliefs of apprenticeship. These qualities are exceptionally significant in the framing of vision and the continuation of a fruitful devotee making structure. The neighborhood church must be viewed as integral to this and ought to be put in setting of teaching structures. It is consequently, the expectation of this expositional segment to put the nearby church at the focal point of viable follower making. In this setting one should see that the basic beliefs of teaching in the neighborhood church gathering ought to incorporate a sound comprehension of, drawing in culture (strategic), relationship building, responsibility, and ultimately propagation. These center ideas ought to sit at the focal point of the teaching endeavors of Fairway Church. To begin with, the assemblage should try to comprehend the truth of the way of life in which the congregation exists. The present culture is one in which most appear to be unfriendly toward Christianity. The range shows it clear that, â€Å"Christian confidence is rapidly losing footing in Western culture, not just because of unchristian conduct, as noteworthy as that seems to be, but since we haven’t perceived our new reality and adapted.† 7 The way ahead is characterized by how the neighborhood body connects with this culture. Interaction must be viewed as key. Considering teaching and the manner by which the congregation draws in culture directs their capacity to replicate devotees. Tim Keller, talking about the Israelites, and their commitment of Babylonian culture gives three alternatives. These alternatives are: â€Å"Move into the city and lose your profound identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don’t move into the city and keep your otherworldly identity†¦ â€Å" â€Å"Move into the city and keep your profound identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  8 It is terrible to think about the quantity of houses of worship that epitomize the initial two models in the cutting edge setting. Moreover, it ought to be seen that Gods model for social commitment is one in which devotees connect with culture. One peruses in Jeremiah 29:7 that adherents should, â€Å"seek the harmony and thriving of the city to which I have conveyed you into oust. Go to the LORD for it, supposing that it succeeds, you also will prosper.† 9 The circumstance is one that isâ clear. Church individuals ought not live in seclusion of culture, actually, singular adherents ought to be locked in with culture yet not lose their profound personality. The congregation must be locked in with it's general surroundings. This must be a fundamental belief of any effective apprenticeship procedure. In association with the above thought of commitment, the neighborhood church should try to comprehend the estimation of natural relationship building. It is through relationship that network is framed and this idea must be viewed as fundamental to the very idea of being Christian. This was the act of the early church in Acts. One peruses in Acts 2:42-45 the accompanying: â€Å"And they committed themselves to the witnesses instructing and the association, the fellowshipping and the supplications. What's more, stunningness happened upon each spirit, and numerous marvels and signs were being done through the missionaries. And all who accepted were together and shared everything for all intents and purpose. What's more, they were selling their assets and possessions and disseminating the returns to all, as any had need.† 10 The I

Adaptation Mcdonalds

All the more as of late, it additionally offers servings of mixed greens, foods grown from the ground sticks. The business started in 1940, with a café opened by Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Their presentation of the â€Å"Speedee Service System† in 1948 built up the standards of the advanced drive-thru eatery. The current partnership dates its establishing to the opening of a diversified eatery by Ray Kroc, in Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald’s café generally speaking. Kroc later bought the McDonald brothers’ value in the organization and drove its overall extension. 3 †¢ What are the preferences and burdens of adjustment system utilized by McDonald’s? 4 1. Preferences and Disadvantages of adjustment methodology Advantages: †¢ Different societies have diverse purchaser needs and tastes †¢ Political and lawful condition of the universal market that they intend to enter †¢ Differences among countries regarding societies, strict accepts, political and legitimate frameworks, client esteems and ways of life, and phases of monetary and market improvement †¢ Differences in the headway of innovation †¢ Competition assumes a significant job in deciding whether an organization will embrace an item adjustment conspire 1. Points of interest and Disadvantages of adjustment procedure Disadvantages: †¢ The expenses related with adjustment can likewise assume a significant job in deciding if a firm decides to normalize their item 6 1. Preferences and Disadvantages of adjustment methodology †¢ Cross any visitor and you will discover numerous varieties from cost to item, beginning with the introduction. Misguided judgme nt that McDonalds is the equivalent all over the place. Nation groups have impressive independence to create and showcase new product offerings. Menu contrasts: Netherlands and Austria†Beer Germany †Chinese Week Canada †Mc Pizza India †Goat and sheep burgers half of menu vegan Japan †fixings, for example, cabbage and Teriyaki USA †Barbecue bacon Burgers, frankfurter breakfast burritos 7 Are there instances of genuinely worldwide brands that never altered? 8 Are there instances of genuinely worldwide brands that never tweaked? Really worldwide Brands : †¢ as a rule we can say that straight augmentation (=standardization) has been actualized and as of now been fruitful with cameras, customer hardware, and many machine devices. Stihl ( apparatus and cutting tool maker) Nikon Olympus, Canon ( camera makers) Kitchen Aid (purchaser hardware ) Caterpillar (trucks, pieces of machinery) †¢ 9 What have been the key factors that have prompted McDonald’s worldwide achievement? 10 2. What have been the key factors that have driven McDonalds to worldwide achievement? †¢ Fast help empowered by a restricted menu, center around tidiness, family cordial offices, great incentive for cash Emergence of money rich, time-poor way of life Societal acknowledgment of an increasingly easygoing way to deal with eating on the run underscored the development of McDonalds Innovations in food arrangement innovation and administration conveyance offering a quick assistance position that clients acknowledge just as a cost base that contenders discovered hard to coordinate Waiter work cost investment funds gave straightforwardly to the purchasers through lower costs McDonalds was the pioneer to present diversifying in the worldwide commercial center, enlarging the natural café development by tackling the administration, social and enterprising abilities and capital of neighborhood businessmen around the globe. Extending over the globe Increasing eatery infiltration in previously existing markets †¢ 11 2. What have been the key factors that have driven McDonalds to worldwide achievement? Key Faktors: †¢ Economies of scale underway and dissemination Power and extension Brand picture was nation fit Ability to use thoughts rapidly and proficiently Uniformity of promoting rehearses Pervasiveness of McDonalds brand 12 2. What have been the key factors that have driven McDonalds to worldwide achievement? †¢ McDonald’s is viewed as the main delegate of the all American way of life, which when the development started was well known. In certain nations it is as yet a superficial point of interest to proceed to have a supper at McDonald’s. For the most part the collaboration is making careful effort to offer a determination of normalized center items ( Big Mac, Soft beverages, French Fries) notwithstanding privately acknowledged other options. Giving the worldwide participation a neighborhood Face (considering Salzburg’s café) In request to utilize cooperative energies from one viewpoint and decrease national capabilities on the other a supranational regulatory office had been set up in Europe. McDonald’s. has consistently been upheld by US international strategy Sources : http://de. wikipedia. organization/wiki/McDonald’s; Kotler/Keller Marketing Management 13 What are the dangers and advantages of picking the diversifying framework for franchisor? 14 3. Dangers and Benefits of establishment framework Benefits for franchisor: The franchisor benefits from the emphatically persuaded franchisee as a self-subordinate business visionary †¢ The diversifying as an approach to conquer the asset shor tage through the immediate market get to †¢ The capacity to beat the significant expenses of orchestrating the new circulation arrange through utilizing the very much custom-made system of franchisor †¢ Low capital ventures for the item situation and locale advertising through the franchisee †¢ The advantages from utilizing a perceived brand name and exchange checks through the notoriety of the franchisor †¢ Extended development plausibility through diversifying 15 3. Dangers and Benefits of establishment framework Risks for franchisor: †¢ The presence of numerous, geologically scattered proprietor chiefs makes the control troublesome †¢ Possible significant expenses of preparing advancement, limited time and bolster exercises of franchisee †¢ Service conveyance might be conflicting a result of topographically scattered franchisees 16 What are the key issues by setting up a McDonald’s Franchisee? 17 4. Dangers and Benefits of establishment f ramework Benefits for the franchisee: †¢ Your business depends on a demonstrated thought. You can check how fruitful different establishments are before submitting yourself. †¢ You can utilize a perceived brand name and exchange marks. You profit by any publicizing or advancement by the proprietor of the establishment †the â€Å"franchisor†. †¢ The franchisor gives you support †generally including preparing, help setting up the business, a manual revealing to you how to maintain the business and progressing counsel. †¢ Financing the business might be simpler. Banks are now and again bound to loan cash to purchase an establishment with a decent notoriety. †¢ Risk is diminished and is shared by the franchisor. †¢ If you have a current client base you won't need to contribute time hoping to set one up. Associations with providers have just been built up. †¢ The capacity to conquer the asset compels. 18 4. Dangers and Benefits of establishment framework Risks for franchisee: †¢ Costs might be higher than you anticipate. Just as the underlying expenses of purchasing the establishment, you pay proceeding with sovereignties and you may need to consent to purchase items from the franchisor. †¢ The establishment understanding ordinarily remembers limitations for how you maintain the business. You probably won't have the option to make changes to suit your neighborhood advertise. †¢ The franchisor may leave business, or change the manner in which they get things done. †¢ Other franchisees could give the brand a terrible notoriety. You may think that its hard to sell your establishment †you can just offer it to somebody affirmed by the franchisor. 19 4. Expenses and Restrictions Costs: Financial Requirements/Down Payment : Initial up front installment for opening (40% of the absolute expense) or a current eatery (25% of the all out expense) around 200. 000 $ nonborrowed assets Financing: McDonald’s doesn't offer financing; McDonald’s Owner/Operators appreciate the advantages of our set up associations with numerous national loaning foundations 20 4. Expenses and Restrictions: During the term of the establishment, you pay McDonald’s the accompanying charges: †¢ Service expense: a month to month expense dependent on the restaurant’s deals execution (as of now an assistance expense of 4. 0% of month to month deals). Lease: a month to month based lease or rate lease that is a level of month to month deals. †¢ Application: Personal, non-acquired assets to be put resources into a McDonald’s eatery business. †¢ Business involvement with the market where they are looking for an establishment 21 What system would you receive to guarantee an incredible presentation for McDonald’s to a developing pattern towards more advantageous eating? 22 5. More advantageous eating at McDonald’s Currently: †¢ Low fat items in UK outlet Canadian light decisions of Menu with a Soya bean McVeggie Burger, servings of mixed gree ns with a fat free dressing and a granola bested organic product yogurt On bundling calorie and fat substance data just because as it attempts to counter the stoutness hall †¢ 23 5. More beneficial eating at McDonald’s Future viewpoints: †¢ Using naturally developed assets Fat diminished dinners Healthier methods of handling the food (eg. : don’t fry chips however prepare them, less white bread burgers, standard veggie lover dishes,) Healthy, newly pressed Mc Shakes and so forth. More beneficial Drinks not just Sodas To guarantee high-caliber, new fixings, ranches are set up so as to flexibly eateries 24 Sources: †¢ www. McDonalds. com www. freeforessays. com/show_essay/55461. html D. Middleman â€Å"Principles and Practice of Marketing† Sources : http://de. wikipedia. organization/wiki/McDonald’s Kotler/K

Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors

Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 22, 2018 Sam Edwards/Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Have you ever done something without really thinking, like driving to work without really registering any details about your journey? When a co-worker later asks if you saw something on the way to work you might be surprised that you remember nothing about your morning drive. People often refer to this as being zoned out or on autopilot. This ability to do something without really thinking is an example of a phenomenon that psychologists call automaticity. In different areas of our everyday lives, we often develop habits to deal with complex tasks. People go on autopilot and do things without really thinking. Going into automatic mode can make many tasks simpler because it frees up our attentional resources so we dont become overwhelmed by even the simplest of tasks. But it also introduces an element of danger and makes people prone to mistakes. So why does automaticity take place? This ability to act without really thinking about it happens when a behavior becomes over-learned. If you practice an action over and over again, you eventually become so skilled at the task that you can perform it with little or no thought. Driving and walking are examples of actions that become automatic. When you sit down in your car to drive to work, you dont have to think about how to start the car, how to move the gear shift, or how to back out of your driveway. When you walk, you dont have to consciously think about every movement or remind yourself to keep putting one foot in front of the other. The behavior is so over-learned and over-practiced that it is simply second nature. The Benefits of Automaticity As mentioned previously, this autopilot thinking actually does have some advantages. By slipping into this automated mode for routine tasks, we are able to function quickly and efficiently in our daily lives without having to devote attention to every tiny detail. Just imagine how laborious your day would be if you had to carefully remember and think about how to drive a car to get to work or how to walk across campus to get to class. Thanks to learning, practice, and repetition, these behaviors have become automatic. In addition to freeing up attentional resources, automaticity allows us to feel comfortable and familiar with different environments. Through our experiences, we learn what is common and expected in different situations. When we walk into a grocery store, we know automatically how things are supposed to go, explain Wheatley and Wegner (2001). We go in, grab a cart, pick food off the shelf, line up for a cashier who will take our money for the food, and we can go home... We automatically know the proper assumptions of the situation based on our experiences. The Risks   While automaticity has its benefits, it also has its downsides. Automatic thinking can be a risk in many areas of our lives, from making costly errors at work to the more mundane, day-to-day dangers like the busy street we have to cross every morning to get to work. As the action becomes so routine and habitual, we might neglect to really check traffic before stepping out into the road â€" an action that might lead to tragic and deadly consequences.Fortunately, researchers have discovered some tactics that can help pull people out of this autopilot mode and tune in to whats going on around them. One way to fight automaticity is to introduce novelty and to vary routines. Instead of having an employee perform the same repetitive task all day, employers might design organizational routines that vary tasks or even rotate workers between different tasks. At a bank, for example, an employee might periodically shift from dealing with customers, balancing cash drawers, helping new customers open accounts, and assisting people with loan applications. Shifting attention between tasks breaks up the repetition and helps draw workers out of autopilot mode.Some professionals, such as health-care workers and airline pilots, utilize a verbal double-check system where workers repeat vital information to a witness. However, researchers have found that such procedures are not always fail-safe. The FAA utilizes an approach designed to make this checklist system more reliable by engaging multiple senses in the checklist process. Workers read checklist items aloud, visually check each item, and t hen physically touch each control or sensor. The goal is that by utilizing multiple checks, pilots will be less likely to fall into the trap of automatic thinking and be more cognizant of potential problems or errors. Automacity might not be easy to overcome, but researchers suggest that being aware of it and consciously taking steps to avoid it might be the best solution. Instead of zoning out during your daily commute, make an effort to tune in and really pay attention to your journey and whats happening in the world around you.

Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors

Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Risks and Benefits of Automatic Behaviors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 22, 2018 Sam Edwards/Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Have you ever done something without really thinking, like driving to work without really registering any details about your journey? When a co-worker later asks if you saw something on the way to work you might be surprised that you remember nothing about your morning drive. People often refer to this as being zoned out or on autopilot. This ability to do something without really thinking is an example of a phenomenon that psychologists call automaticity. In different areas of our everyday lives, we often develop habits to deal with complex tasks. People go on autopilot and do things without really thinking. Going into automatic mode can make many tasks simpler because it frees up our attentional resources so we dont become overwhelmed by even the simplest of tasks. But it also introduces an element of danger and makes people prone to mistakes. So why does automaticity take place? This ability to act without really thinking about it happens when a behavior becomes over-learned. If you practice an action over and over again, you eventually become so skilled at the task that you can perform it with little or no thought. Driving and walking are examples of actions that become automatic. When you sit down in your car to drive to work, you dont have to think about how to start the car, how to move the gear shift, or how to back out of your driveway. When you walk, you dont have to consciously think about every movement or remind yourself to keep putting one foot in front of the other. The behavior is so over-learned and over-practiced that it is simply second nature. The Benefits of Automaticity As mentioned previously, this autopilot thinking actually does have some advantages. By slipping into this automated mode for routine tasks, we are able to function quickly and efficiently in our daily lives without having to devote attention to every tiny detail. Just imagine how laborious your day would be if you had to carefully remember and think about how to drive a car to get to work or how to walk across campus to get to class. Thanks to learning, practice, and repetition, these behaviors have become automatic. In addition to freeing up attentional resources, automaticity allows us to feel comfortable and familiar with different environments. Through our experiences, we learn what is common and expected in different situations. When we walk into a grocery store, we know automatically how things are supposed to go, explain Wheatley and Wegner (2001). We go in, grab a cart, pick food off the shelf, line up for a cashier who will take our money for the food, and we can go home... We automatically know the proper assumptions of the situation based on our experiences. The Risks   While automaticity has its benefits, it also has its downsides. Automatic thinking can be a risk in many areas of our lives, from making costly errors at work to the more mundane, day-to-day dangers like the busy street we have to cross every morning to get to work. As the action becomes so routine and habitual, we might neglect to really check traffic before stepping out into the road â€" an action that might lead to tragic and deadly consequences.Fortunately, researchers have discovered some tactics that can help pull people out of this autopilot mode and tune in to whats going on around them. One way to fight automaticity is to introduce novelty and to vary routines. Instead of having an employee perform the same repetitive task all day, employers might design organizational routines that vary tasks or even rotate workers between different tasks. At a bank, for example, an employee might periodically shift from dealing with customers, balancing cash drawers, helping new customers open accounts, and assisting people with loan applications. Shifting attention between tasks breaks up the repetition and helps draw workers out of autopilot mode.Some professionals, such as health-care workers and airline pilots, utilize a verbal double-check system where workers repeat vital information to a witness. However, researchers have found that such procedures are not always fail-safe. The FAA utilizes an approach designed to make this checklist system more reliable by engaging multiple senses in the checklist process. Workers read checklist items aloud, visually check each item, and t hen physically touch each control or sensor. The goal is that by utilizing multiple checks, pilots will be less likely to fall into the trap of automatic thinking and be more cognizant of potential problems or errors. Automacity might not be easy to overcome, but researchers suggest that being aware of it and consciously taking steps to avoid it might be the best solution. Instead of zoning out during your daily commute, make an effort to tune in and really pay attention to your journey and whats happening in the world around you.

Where are they now Brenna

   Ever wonder if you made the right decision to homeschool? If your hopeful expectations for your children will be realized? I recently had the opportunity to interview Brenner Fisher, who is now studying at Pennsylvania State University. Having used IEW for much of her homeschool career, she agreed to do a short interview for our new blog feature: â€Å"Where are they now?  Wednesdays." Brenna is quite an impressive young woman, and I am sure that her experience of success in college writing, which she considers due in large part to IEW, is not an exception but a commonplace occurrence in this generation of home-educated children.    Tell me a bit about yourself. I was homeschooled from fourth grade until I graduated high school. I am currently a rising junior at Penn State. I’m a double major in criminology and sociology with multiple minors. I’m also in ROTC, so I will be joining the Army Reserves after college. When I graduate, I would either like to go into law school or join the police academy. I would like to eventually practice criminal law. When did you start using IEW? I started with Classical Conversations in fifth grade. They used Medieval History-Based Writing Lessons, which was my favorite IEW course that I used. We also used U.S. History-Based Writing Lessons in sixth grade. And then we used other IEW tools from seventh until ninth grade. Why was Medieval History-Based Writing your favorite? It was my first year with the program, and I was very excited to start. I also was very interested in medieval history at the time. My favorite assignment was when we were asked to write based off three pictures and make up our own story. I remember that being the best assignment of the year! Do you feel like IEW has helped prepare you for college? I definitely think it helped me prepare for college. At such a young age, it took away all the fear from writing a five-paragraph paper or a report about something. Since that fear was eliminated when I was very young, now writing a twenty-page paper is much less daunting. I also feel that it has taught me to write much better than my colleagues. They seem to have a much more difficult time picking the right words, making their sentences sound eloquent, not creating run-on sentences—all those little things that IEW just naturally teaches with sentence openers and dress-ups. What type of writing do you enjoy most? I still enjoy any type of writing. I don’t get to do as much creative writing in college, though. But I don’t mind sitting down and writing a research paper—it’s even enjoyable for me. I am very good at taking information from multiple sources, condensing it into my own words, and adding my own spin on it. Do you feel like IEW has helped prepare you for your future after graduation? Absolutely. I credit my success in writing to my parents and to IEW. I don’t know of a program that teaches kids to write in the same way. It was really beneficial to me, and now writing is a strong suit for me. I’ll be able to use these communication skills in many different ways throughout my life. Lastly, what advice would you give to your younger self? I would tell myself to enjoy writing when I was younger before it became all about grades, while it was more of an enjoyable task.    Homeschooling can be intimidating. Thoughts like, â€Å"Am I teaching my children as well as a school teacher could?† or, â€Å"Will they be prepared for college-level writing?† can sneak into the minds of even the most dedicated and determined home educators. Have faith, your children have a bright and exciting future ahead of them, and armed with powerful stylistic and structural techniques, they too will be able to use these communication skills in many different ways throughout their lives. Growing up in the Pudewa family, Christopher was exposed to the IEW method from a very young age. During high  school  he had the privilege of competing in the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association, where he was able to apply the skills he had learned through IEW. Chris is currently attending the University of Oklahoma, majoring in Criminology and Psychology. He is an intern  in IEW’s marketing division.       Log in or register to post commentsChris Pudewas blog Log in or register to post comments

Cervantes Quotes in Spanish With Translations

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) is by far the most famous Spanish author, and his international influence on literature rivals that of his British contemporary, William Shakespeare. Here are some of the most well-known sayings and quotes that are attributed to him; note that not all translations are word for word: Cervantes Quotes About Love and Friendship Amor y deseo son dos cosas diferentes; que no todo lo que se ama se desea, ni todo lo que se desea se ama. (Love and desire are two different things; not everything that is loved is desired, and not everything that is desired is loved.) Amistades que son ciertas nadie las puede turbar. (Nobody can disrupt true friendship.) Puede haber amor sin celos, pero no sin temores. (There can be love without jealousy, but not without fear.) Cervantes Quotes About Gratitude La ingratitud es la hija de la soberbia. (Ingratitude is the daughter of pride.) Entre los pecados mayores que los hombres cometen, aunque algunos dicen que es la soberbia, yo digo que es el desagradecimiento, atenià ©ndome a lo que suele decirse: que de los desagradecidos està ¡ lleno el infierno. (Of the worst sins that people commit, although some says its pride, I say it is ingratitude. As the saying goes, hell is filled with the ungrateful.) Cervantes Quotes About Living Wisely Una onza de buena fama vale mà ¡s que una libra de perlas. (An ounce of good reputation is worth more than a pound of pearls.) El ver mucho y el leer mucho avivan los ingenios de los hombres. (Seeing much and reading much sharpens ones ingenuity.) Lo que poco cuesta aà ºn se estima menos. (What costs little is valued even less.) El hacer bien a villanos es echar agua en la mar. (Doing good for low-lifes is throwing water in the sea.) No hay ningà ºn viaje malo, excepto el que conduce a la horca. (There is no bad trip except for the one that goes to the gallows.) No puede haber gracia donde no hay discrecià ³n. (There cannot be grace where there is no discretion.) La pluma es la lengua de la mente. (The pen is the tongue of the mind.) Quien no madruga con el sol no disfruta de la jornada. (Whoever doesnt rise with the sun wont enjoy the day.) Mientras se gana algo no se pierde nada. (As long as something is earned nothing is lost.) El que no sabe gozar de la ventura cuando le viene, no debe quejarse si se pasa. (He who doesnt know how to enjoy good fortune when it comes to him shouldnt complain when it passes him by.) Cervantes Quotes About Beauty Hay dos maneras de hermosura: una del alma y otra del cuerpo; la del alma campea y se muestra en el entendimiento, en la honestidad, en el buen proceder, en la liberalidad y en la buena crianza, y todas estas partes caben y pueden estar en un hombre feo; y cuando se pone la mira en esta hermosura, y no en la del cuerpo, suele nacer el amor con à ­mpetu y con ventajas. (There are two kinds of beauty: one of the soul and the other of the body; that of the soul shows and demonstrates itself in understanding, in honesty, in good behavior, in generosity and in good breeding, and all these things can find room and exist in an ugly man; and when one looks at this type of beauty, and not bodily beauty, love is inclined to spring up forcefully and overpoweringly.) Bien veo que no soy hermoso, pero tambià ©n conozco que no soy disforme. (I see that Im not handsome, but I also know that Im not hideous.) Cervantes Quotes About Memory  ¡Oh, memoria, enemiga mortal de mi descanso! (Oh, memory, deadly enemy of my rest!) No hay recuerdo que el tiempo no borre ni pena que la muerte no acabe. (There is no memory that time doesnt erase nor any sorrow that death doesnt extinguish.) Cervantes Quotes About Foolishness Mà ¡s vale una palabra a tiempo que cien a destiempo. (One word at the right time is more valuable that 100 words at the wrong time.) El mà ¡s tonto sabe mà ¡s en su casa que el sabio en la ajena. (The most foolish person knows more in his home than the wise person knows in someone elses.) Cervantes Quotes Everyone Has Heard Cuando una puerta se cierra, otra se abre. (When one door is closed, another is opened.) Dijo la sartà ©n a la caldera, quà ­tate allà ¡ ojinegra. (The frying pan said to the cauldron, Get out of here, black-eyed one. This is believed to be the source of the phrase the pot calling the kettle black.)

Financial Crisis And Its Effects On Businesses,...

Introduction The worldwide impact of the recent financial crisis outlines the importance of having a decent understanding of crises. Latest episode has definitely showed that status of economic as well as the financial performance is greatly affected by financial turmoil. During the crisis, world stock markets have been collapsed, largest financial institutions have been bought out or fallen, and the wealthiest nations like UAE, UK of USA had to stand up and aid their financial systems as well as the economic ones. World economic activity was a common topic in the newspapers for many years after it has occurred. â€Å"The present financial crisis is a culmination of many systematic factors. The economic crisis has made us to believe that world†¦show more content†¦It was a global bank which massively effected world financial status. It was the worst world recession in all economies in last 80 years. Even today in many wealthy countries GDP is below its pre-crisis positions, especially i n EU (Europe) where it has evolved in the famous â€Å"Euro-crisis† (Economist, 2013). Not only EU and USA but the whole world was affected. Inflation started to be the serious problem, due to the high volume of printed money which had to help to bail the banks. This leaded to devaluated US dollar which has created inflation as such. People who have suffered the most are taxpayers in the USA. This made the distance between social classes larger and larger. According to (Malpass, 2010) one the main reasons that caused the crisis is a Housing Market in US. Between 1997 and 2006, average house price has increased by 122%. In the end of 2001, national home price average median was ranged from 2.6 to 3.2 times median income per household. Proportional ration has grown to 4.0 in the beginning of 2004 and 4.6 in 2006. This has resulted to housing bubble â€Å"A run-up in housing prices fueled by demand, speculation and the belief that recent history is an infallible forecast of the future.† (Investopedia, 2014). Many householders started to refinance their estates at lower interest rate, or even taking second mortgages. In the middle of 2008, housing prices had been declined by 20% comparing to their 2006 peak. Easy loans and trend of house

Jilting in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and...

Jilting in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Webster’s dictionary defines the word â€Å"jilt† as the act of rejecting a lover. So to be deserted by another, left at the altar, or unwanted by another, is to be jilted. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and in â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Katherine Anne Porter, Emily and Granny Weatherall throughout the course of their lives experience jilting several times. In turn, this rejection places a significant emphasis on both of their lives. After Emily’s father passes away in â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Emily’s sweetheart rejects her. The only man that her father must have approved of ran out on her, leaving†¦show more content†¦With this discovery, Emily knew she could never have him and could not bear the thought of another man that she loved leaving her. This must have been the breaking point for her. Emily was determined not to let another man leave her for the third time. Therefore she purchased the arsenic so she could be with him forever. The last person to see Homer was a neighbor as the Negro man was admitting him in at the kitchen door at dusk one evening. Again, Emily submerged herself into the familiar calm of isolation until her death. After her funeral, the narrator (the town) paints the picture of their discovery in the room above the stairs. A room in which no one had seen in for forty years. â€Å"The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, loo king down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. What was left of him†¦. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted

The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, And Mockingjay - 1271 Words

When one hears the phrase Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), they often think of soldiers who have returned from war. The truth is that any traumatic event can cause PTSD, and it is even portrayed by some of the most beloved characters in pop culture today. One such character is Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games series. By taking the cognitive approach to examine this case, it is easy to diagnose and suggest possible treatments for the character. First of all, who is Katniss Everdeen? The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, and Mockingjay is a trilogy of young adult novels that have been adapted into four major motion pictures. This insight into PTSD is going to focus on the movie adaptations. The main protagonist from the films is a girl named Katniss Everdeen. The story is set in a post-apocalyptic North America called Panem. There has been a civil war and the continent has been divided into twelve districts serving a central capitol. Most of the districts are poor, while people in the capitol live rich, lavish lifestyles. Once each year, as a reminder that the districts cannot overcome and need the capitol, each of the twelve districts is required to provide one male and one female, deemed tributes, between the ages of 12 and 18 to compete in the Hunger Games. Tributes are drawn at random, but individuals can volunteer to represent their district. Once chosen, tributes have a two week training period until they are thrown into the arena and the games begin. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games Trilogy1719 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Hirschhorn Essay 10/16/12 The trilogy of The Hunger Games written by Suzanne Collins, focuses on a country that is being controlled by an oppressive government and the people who are fighting against it for their freedom. Although the odds are against the rebels, they continue to combat tyranny at the risk of their own lives. The story takes place in the not too distant future in a country called Panem, which represents the United States. The Capitol, which is the center of the nationalRead MoreThe Hunger Games : Mockingjay1116 Words   |  5 Pages YASHA’S BOOK REPORT- THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY PLOT ‘THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY’ takes place several months since the last outing, Catching Fire. Seventeen year old Katniss Everdeen has survived The Hunger Games twice, but along with her outstanding victory, which bewildered The Capitol’s devious Gamemakers. There were consequences. The infuriated president of Panem, President Snow, didn’t see actions taking place in order to eliminate Katniss, which was his bidding. Therefore, he plansRead More The Hunger Games Trilogy Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Happy Hunger Games! And may the odds be ever in your favor.†, a very well known quote from the book series The Hunger Games (The Hunger Games, Pg 19). 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My Journal on the Book, The Maze Runner by James Dashner...

Journal 1 The first chapter of â€Å"The Maze Runner† really gets me excited for the rest of the book. I enjoy how it leaves the reader plenty of room to wonder what will happen later in the book. It has an interesting vocabulary that includes some of the slang words that the people of the glade made up. It seems that the plot of the book will quicken very quickly as already there is a lot of foreshadowing hinting toward some unknown beast and a giant maze. I predict that Thomas’s arrival will trigger some sort of issue that he will have to resolve. Just the first chapter has gotten me very excited for the rest of the book. Journal 2 It seems like I was right about the plot thickening quickly. Already Thomas has made an enemy, a boy†¦show more content†¦Although this leaves Thomas feeling oddly exhilarated, while hes lying in his sleeping bag in a meadow near the gardens, he returns to feeling sad and curious. Thomas tells Chuck that he wants to become one of the Runners, even though he still doesnt really know what they do. Chuck just laughs and says whatever because being a runner is one of the hardest jobs in the glade. Journal 4 The Tour starts at the Box, which is closed. Alby explains that they get a new kid once a month and supplies are delivered once a week. Other than that, they dont know anything about where the Box goes or how it operates. Once, they tried to send a boy back in it, but the Box wouldnt move until he got out. Next he explains that the Glade is divided into four sections: Gardens, Blood House, Homestead, and Deadheads. Thomas will spend the next two weeks training for a different job until they find the one he fits best. Throughout the Tour, Thomas is annoyed by his inability to ask questions, and he wonders why the people who cleared his memory only removed certain memories. Why can he remember what the animals were called, but not where that memory comes from? When they reach the South Door, Alby tells Thomas that hes been there for two years, and although many boys have died trying, no one has been able to solve the Maze. The walls move at night so its nearly impossible to map, and mo re importantly, no one is ever allowed outside the walls except the Runners. For some

Information Technology And Web Designing - Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology and Web Designing. Answer: Introduction: The data to be collected and reviewed entails the following where the performance essentials were put into consideration and also tested in accordance with the three given website platforms. The key concept is navigation and there are certain situations and circumstances that the applicant is supposed to consider where navigating are seen to be incorporated in large quantity. Data that will be obtained in this context include the number of tests and the criteria that were adopted in applying the common lingual culture. Events are clearly analyzed and the reason for this orderly process is to ascertain the collection of adequate feedback. Words are counted in regards to conforming to the technical stipulations and guidelines that are put in place to avoid deviation from the main core purpose. The evaluation of these websites is the first priority before commencement of the task assigned to ensure that they are in accordance with the general rules. Compliance enhances accuracy and smooth running of the programs and thus preventing breakdown or crushing when running in the computer. The aspect of detecting and prevention of errors is put into consideration by making sure that there is adequate reduction and minimizing the loss that occurs as a result of fault information and junk messages. Test runs are conducted to prevent any malfunction of the system and this is successful only through a specific design adoption. There is undertaking of the step to mitigate errors that are prone to occurring in this perspective; number of these possible errors is required to ensure that the test is through criteria as depicted. Another important feature that enhances performance review in the websites is by a diverse engagement in different platforms of loading pages and being able to respond to the design. The users should be able to operate the pages in their disposal with ease. Navigation is carried out when researching for the right content and thus the process should be made appealing and user friendly. The one and only rule of thumb is applied in recognition and enhancement of memory while logging into the websites hence the user is not supposed to think but rather the action should make him/her to function instead of wondering about non solvable issues. Redundancy is also investigated where there is need to gather additional information for the purpose of page-loading and ascertaining the criterion to be applied. Data recovery is also taken as a precautionary measure by making the error messages easier to solve and fixing the problem at hand. Clear documentation is undertaken for all the files and this has an approach tht is systematic for easier access in archives or from the earliest to latest messages. Recommendations The first and foremost to be used is image optimization for the purposes of responsive website design; this entails the issue of bloated pages. The amount of page capacity holding is maximized by this feature of bloat pages due to incorporation of images. (Aladwani, 2002) argued developing and validating an instrument for measuring user-perceived web quality. High resolution is used in loading and this makes it necessary for adaptive images which respond automatically according to the size of screen. I would recommend a reduction is the pages of the websites in order to make sure that the pages spread across networks are seemingly reasonable and can be hosted. Reduction of the white space which is unutilized is another recommendation and line breaks elimination in order to increase the speed and faster responding. Smaller pages are necessary to consider a compared to the heavy and biblical type pages which consume the resources and thus there is need to trim them down to increase the performance. (Hager, 2015) said the basics of user-friendly web design.The journal for Quality and Participation. Elimination of junk content and emails that are obsolete from the dashboard and widgets floundering aspect is considered relevant and advisable to enhance faster processing. User testing Visual hierarchy is use of techniques suitable to test effectiveness where the assessing of user interfaces is considerable and application of the user interfaces in order to discover usability issues that occur during the activity of evaluation in this case the heuristic evaluation. Difference is noted in color and positioning aspect where placement issues are also put under review. (Bernstein, 2004) said that towards responsive retargeting of existing websites. InProceedings of the adjunct publication of the 27th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. Consistency for the purpose of testing efficiency is conducted in the websites which are to be synchronized. The level of writing tone is supposed to be in line with overall website and this ensures usability and cohesion of various forms of layout to be engaged in a sign of criteria of professionalism that is known to be an amateur hour. Enhancing the learnability is another important aspect that should be emphasized where user friendliness is applied to prevent the formalities and cumbersome nature of the technology. (Nielson, 2009) argued that designing web usability is the practice of simplicity. The architectures are confronted from time to time in order to raise a red flag whenever there is an issue and an area which requires improvement. References Bernstein, G.L., Klemmer, S. (2014), Towards responsive retargeting of existing websites. InProceedings of the adjunct publication of the 27th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology(pp. 119-120). ACM. Nielsen, J., (2009).Designing web usability: The practice of simplicity.New Riders Austria press. Hager, D. (2015). The basics of user-friendly web design.The journal for Quality and Participation,22(3), p.58. Ratner, J. (2010).Human factors and web development. New YorkCRC Press. Aladwani, T. (2002). Developing and validating an instrument for measuring user-perceived web quality. Journal of Information management,39(6), pp.467-476.

Chemistry Redox Reactions Explained Sample Essay Example For Students

Chemistry Redox Reactions Explained Sample Essay HOW ARE REDOX REACTIONS DIFFERENT?Redox is the term used to label reactions in which the credence of an negatron ( decrease ) by a stuff is matched with the contribution of an negatron ( oxidization ) . A big figure of the reactions already mentioned in the Reactions chapter are redox reactions. Synthesis reactions are besides redox reactions if there is an exchange of negatrons to do an ionic bond. If chlorine gas is added to sodium metal to do Na chloride. the Na has donated an negatron and the Cl has accepted an negatron to go a chloride ion or an affiliated Cl. If a compound divides into elements in a decomposition. a decomposition reaction could be a redox reaction. The electrolysis of H2O is a redox reaction. With a direct electric current through it. H2O can be separated into O and H. H2O H2 + O2 The O and H in the H2O are attached by a covalent bond that breaks to do the component O and the component H. Learning more about the conditions for oxidation-reduction reactions will demo that the electrolysis of H2O is a redox reaction. A individual replacing reaction is ever a redox reaction because it involves an component that becomes incorporated into a compound and an component in the compound being released as a free component. A dual replacing reaction normally is non a redox reaction. Back to the top of Redox. OXIDATION StatesBefore we go any farther into oxidation-reduction. we must understand oxidization provinces. The thought of oxidization province began with whether or non a metal was attached to an O. Unattached ( free ) atoms have an oxidization province of nothing. Since O about ever takes in two negatrons when it is non a free component. the combined signifier of O ( oxide ) has an oxidization province of subtraction two. The exclusion to a combined O taking two negatrons is the peroxide constellation. Peroxide can be represented by -O-O- where the each elan is a covalent bond and each ‘O’ is an O atom. Peroxide can be written as a symbol. ( O2 ) 2- . The over-simplified manner of demoing this is that each O atom has a negative one oxidization province. but that is non truly so because the peroxides do non come in single O atoms. Hydrogen peroxides are non every bit stable as oxides. and there are really many fewer peroxides in nature than oxides. H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen in compound ever has an oxidization province of plus one. except as a hydride. A hydride is a compound of a metal and H. The H atoms in a hydride have the oxidization province of -1. Hydrides react with H2O. so there are no hydrides found in nature. The expression XH or XH2 or XH3 or even XH4 where X is a metal is the general chemical expression for hydride. The regulations for oxidization province are in some ways arbitrary and unnatural. but here they are: 1. Any free ( unattached ) component with no charge has the oxidization province of nothing. Diatomic gases such as O2 and H2 are besides in this class. 2. All compounds have a net oxidization province of nothing. The oxidization province of all of the atoms add up to zero. 3. Any ion has the oxidization province that is the charge of that ion. Polyatomic ions ( groups ) have an oxidization province for the whole ion that is the charge on that ion. The ions of elements in Group I. II. and VII ( halogens ) and some other elements merely have one likely oxidization province. 4. Oxygen in compound has an oxidization province of subtraction two. except for O as peroxide. which is minus one. 5. Hydrogen in compound has an oxidization province of plus one. except for H as hydride. which is minus one. 6. In groups or little covalent molecules. the component with the greatest electronegativity has its natural ion charge as its oxidization province. | KNOW THIS Parts of Speech Persuasive EssayCu0 Cu+2 + 2 e- and the entire reaction is: Cu0 + 2Ag+ Cu+2 + 2Ag0In the complete reaction the figure of negatrons lost must be the figure of negatrons gained. The figure of negatrons used in the decrease half reaction must be the figure of negatrons produced in the oxidization half reaction. The full half reactions must be multiplied by Numberss that will equalise the Numberss of negatrons. and the concluding complete balanced chemical reaction must demo these figure relationships. One of the of import spots of information from adding the half reactions in this instance is that the full chemical equation will hold to hold two Ag atoms for every Cu atom in the reaction for the reaction to equilibrate electrically. This type of information from the half reactions is sometimes the easiest or merely manner to equilibrate a chemical equation. The oxidation-reduction equilibrating jobs get downing with figure 31 at the terminal of the chapter are good aid for your farther apprehension. From making this math on a figure of stuffs. you will happen that it is possible to acquire some strange-looking oxidization provinces. to include some fractional 1s. The oxidization province math plants on fractional oxidization provinces besides. even though fractional charges are non possible. Decrease OR OXIDATION?A decrease of a stuff is the addition of negatrons. An oxidization of a stuff is the loss of negatrons. This system comes from the observation that stuffs combine with O in changing sums. For case. an Fe saloon oxidizes ( combines with O ) to go rust. We say that the Fe has oxidized. The Fe has gone from an oxidization province of nothing to ( normally ) either iron II or Fe III. This may be hard to retrieve. The easier manner to state if a half reaction is a decrease or oxidization is to plot the altering ion into the figure line. If the oxidization province of the ion goes up the figure line. it is an oxidization. If it goes down the figure line. it is a decrease. Based on the KIS rule ( Keep It Simple ) . retrieve merely one regulation for this. Person. in a tantrum of contrariness. decided that we needed more description for the procedure. A stuff that becomes oxidized is a cut downing agent. and a stuff that becomes reduced is an oxidizing agent.

Pregnancy Health Assessment Essay Sample

Pregnancy Health Assessment Essay SamplePregnancy health assessment is a vital part of the process in pregnancy. Every woman is supposed to be of good health during her pregnancy. This is a common sense that every woman has to follow and would prefer to have a pregnancy health assessment. It would be very helpful to know the health issues that could affect the pregnancy of your partner and yourself.To get started with pregnancy health assessment you can start with your partner. During the assessment process, you need to document all the aspects that he/she may have, also include the side effects that are suffered by you or your partner during pregnancy. The time and place should be specified for this work and not have done at the time of booking the services of the pregnancy health assessment team.You need to gather all the information that can help you with the conception team. Here you will need to include the blood work and other medical facts. All these factors need to be documen ted so that you would have all the information you need for future reference.If your partner is already pregnant, you can ask him/her to write about his/her daily routine. Write down the symptoms and the one that he/she feels the most discomfort when he/she goes out.You may also want to request the mother to write about the complications she faces due to her pregnancy. The parents can also provide you with the facts related to the mother's health that can be useful for the women and her/his partner. There are many women who find it extremely difficult to stay away from their home due to their health condition.If your partner is sick in bed, you can support him/her to join a support group. This can be useful if you are worried about him/her. You may also want to write down the symptoms that you can expect if your partner will experience any back pain.Pregnancy health assessment is a vital task, because not every woman is capable of staying at home during the pregnancy. However, there are many things that a woman needs to take care of while she is at home.

History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980

Institutional environment explains how interaction between institution and organization shapes economic activity, and consequently managerial strategies and performance. It is well established that the availability of information is one of the determinant of efficiency of resource allocation growth and decisions in any economy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic reform has brought about an accelerated urbanization in Brazil since 1980, as it has been manifested in population growth in many cities and in a growing number of cities. In Brazil, investment decisions from private sector are usually influenced by private sector perception of the economy (Coeurderoy Murray 2008). Brazil as a country has moved from a nation with great promise to a nation where many investment opportunities are available. A more stable currency and politica l system, coupled with vast mineral and natural resources wealth have made the country a ‘must’ for all organizations with truly international or global ambitions to invest in the country (Makino, Isobe, Chan 2004). With a population of about 194 million people, Brazil is the 5th largest market in the world after India, China, Indonesia and the U.S. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) report, the report indicates that the country is a leading one when you compare it with other South American nations in terms of technological and infrastructure development. When you combine these facts with stable political and economic landscape, you see the reason why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of world’s FDI year by year (Makino, Isobe, Chan 2004). But when you compare Brazil to Hong Kong, starting or doing business in Brazil can be very difficult (Lumpkin Dess, 2001). The main cause is the bureaucratic hurdles that are found in almost all government agencies and the accompanying barrier of business regulations. In fact, Brazilians are known as â€Å"biting around the bush† (Chandler Hanks 1993) around the world. Instead, before they do business they would like to know an individual first. As compared to Hong Kong, Brazil financial is extremely expensive and individual competition is very tough. Therefore, businesses should have their special relations to find better financial loans or get their own financing. The Brazil justice system is also very slow and to some extent it is corrupt but in the last 10 years it has been slowly improving (Chandler Hanks 1993). Every manager needs to know the hierarchical business set up that is found in Brazil. â€Å"Decision-making in Brazil’s organizational culture is often reserved for senior managers† (Publishing, 2009). Therefore, a manager should take his/her time to build a working relationship with his/her junior staff. In addition, for a foreigner manager it is d ifficult, so it is important for non-Brazilian to have a third-party introduction when doing business (Publishing, 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A foreign manager needs to realize the importance of each employee’s distinct duties or roles in the company (Morrison 1994). Most Brazilians believe that a supervisor will be chosen because he/she has more experience than the rest of employees under him/her. They also believe it will be inappropriate to consult lower-ranking employees when making a decision (Morrison 1994). In addition, according to Morrison (1994), â€Å"there is a disparity in term of salary or wage differentials, and therefore aspirations and lifestyles, among classes in the country†. Minorities are the ones holding power. This hierarchical nature can be reflected in business situations. Great deference is paid to job function, authority figures, scope of responsibility, and reporting relationships are strictly followed and clearly defined (Publishing, 2009). Reference List Chandler, G. N. Hanks, S. H 1993, ‘Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: A validation study’. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 8, pp. 391-408. Coeurderoy, R. Murray, G 2008,’Regulatory environments and the location decision:evidence from the early foreign market entries of new-technology-based firms’. Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 670-88. Lumpkin, G. T. Dess, G. G 2001, ‘Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle’, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16 no. 5, pp. 429-51. Makino, S., Isobe, T., Chan, C 2004, ‘Does country matter?’ Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25 no. 10, pp. 1027-43. Morrison, E. K 1994, Leadership skills: developing volunteers for o rganizational success, Fisher Books Publisher, New York.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Publishing, F 2009, Leadership Skills, Ferguson Publisher, London. This report on History of Urbanization in Brazil in 1980 was written and submitted by user Mekh1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jeanne la Pucelle Essays - Joan Of Arc, Jacques DArc, Domremy

Jeanne la Pucelle Essays - Joan Of Arc, Jacques DArc, Domremy Jeanne la Pucelle History Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) 1412, it is in the last half-century of the Hundred Years' War in which the French attempted to attain freedom from English rule by fighting to eradicate English strongholds. An unusually strong, healthy, and possibly clairvoyant girl is born to Isabelle Rome and Jacques d'Arc in the small village of Domremy, France. Her mother is from the town of Vouthon, which is west of Domremy. Her surname concurs that either she or a family member has visited Rome. Her father was born in a village called Ceffonds in the province of Champagne. His last name indicates a connection with Arc-en-Barrois, a small town fifty kilometers north of Ceffonds. She had a somewhat wealthy family as you can tell from their home with a stone construction. You can still visit her home today. It has since been used as a wine cellar, a wine press, and a stable. She was one of five children: Jacques, Catherine, Jean, Joan, and Pierre. Their wealth came from their farming of wheat, flax, beet hemp, and colza. They also bred livestock, spun wool and tow, and kneaded their own bread. She was baptized by Jean Minet in the Church of St. Remy. She is admired by patriots, women's rights activists, paranormal investigators, and playwrights. The woman I am talking about is commonly known as Joan of Arc. When Joan was 13 she began to see visions and hear voices who she later determined to be Saints Catherine, Margaret, and Michael. They convinced her that she was chosen by God to help the dauphin, Charles VII free France and take his seat in the throne. At age 17 in 1429 she gained access to the King through the military commander in Vaucoulaurs. Charles was desperate because the English had captured almost half of France including Paris. When Joan told him of her visions of the Saints he was doubtful so he set up two tests for her. In the first he disguised himself as a courtier, but she pointed him out immediately. For the second test he asked her what he prayed to God for the night before she arrived; she told him exactly. Some of the clergy believed her to be Satanic, but Joan was approved. Charles fitted her with armor and gave her command of the military. Soon after she set out to free Orleans from a brutal siege. The other French commanders hesitantly followed orders, but soon they obeyed her whole-heartedly. Under Joan's command the siege was broken after only ten days and the English fled. She was given the everlasting title "The Maid of Orleans". Joan convinced Charles to undergo a formal coronation in the Cathedral at Reims. While escorting Charles, Joan and her army won several battles with the British along the way. She was at his side when Charles took the throne on July, 17 1429. During a minor battle in September, 1429 where Joan tried to free Paris, she was injured. Eight months later she was captured by a troop of Burgundians who wished to sell her for ransom. Instead she was sold to the English for a lot of money. The English believed her rumored visions Satanic so they tried her on accusations of witchcraft and heresy. Despite constant badgering she never swayed from her belief that her visions her from God. A French clergy sympathetic to the English convicted and sentenced Joan to death. On May, 30 1431 in the town square at Rouen she was burned at the stake. Due to her bravery in death people thought they had witnessed martyrdom of a Saint. Much to her family's regret she was not allowed a Christian burial as her ashes were thrown into the Seine River. In 1455 Joan's family requested a retrial for her and a hearing was granted by Pope Callistus III. One year later she was found innocent. Joan was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1909, and in 1920 she was canonized as a Saint. You can celebrate her feast day on May 30. "Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was neither a witch nor a saint, but by curious circumstances her life and death fulfilled the requirements of both." -From Jeanne La Pucelle and The Dying God by James L. Matterer

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration - Essay Example In the British context there have been waves of immigrants everywhere from the ancient Romans trying to colonize the island right through to modern waves of people from various countries coming to the nation. Immigration has fundamentally changed in the modern era. According to a Gallup poll (2009) typically people get pushed or pulled for a variety of different reasons into countries other than their home nation. Moreover it is the case that currently most migrants move from one developed nation to another developed nation yet it is also the case that many people in developing nations would like to move to developed nations, and only a limited percentage of people in developed countries would like to move to developing countries. From this perspective one could argue that the desire to migrate is not always reflected in reality. Immigration as it stands today is massive. According to the Gallup Poll (2009) there are roughly 700 million adults who would like to relocate to a differen t country. Building on this point it is the case that 165 million of these people list the United States as their top destination with an additional 45 million listing Canada as their most desired region of relocation. Other major destinations include Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Although it is the case that many people immigrate legally either through normal channels or through asylum seeking, however a large number of people immigrate through illegal channels. This later form of immigration is accomplished through finding alternative entry channels (To avoid customs controllers), through human trafficking, forged documents and a host of other means. As immigration is a ‘Hot’ hot issue there are a number of arguments that stand against immigration based on several government institutions. In the American context it could be argued that being a citizen carries responsibilities but also guarantees some rewards. It is the case that an y person that enters into a nation illegally may under some circumstances take advantage of government institutions that are paid for by law abiding & tax paying American citizens. Illegal immigrants could theoretically be living ‘off the grid’ insofar as they would typically not be contributing to the tax base, and may earn a living in the black market. It is upon this foundation that Preston (2009) voiced a major concern for voters which is the fact that many people worry those health care charges for illegal immigrants will be paid for by tax payers and as such diminish the amount of healthcare available for citizens. Building on this previous point, it has been argued by Porter (2006) that the influx of illegal immigrants from Latin American countries has flooded the market with unskilled labor ultimately brought down the wages of high-school dropouts by approximately 15% from 1980-2004. Another major concern is the impact of illegal immigration on public schools. T he children of illegal immigrants (Who may themselves be in the country illegally) have a number of unique needs. For example, young people from developing countries may not come from a home life that encourages learning, or may have a weak educational foundation when entering the American school system. Moreover many illegal immigrants may not have a command of the English language. From this perspective one could argue that

Humanistic Era Reflection Paper ( Evolution of Management) Essay

Humanistic Era Reflection Paper ( Evolution of Management) - Essay Example The legislative acts such as Labor Management Relations Act and National Labor Relations Act were introduced because of employees increasing dissatisfaction. Along with the mentioned acts, many other were also introduced to resolve the issue of employees’ requirements and their fulfillment. According to Huston and Marquis (2008), many theories related to the working situations and other employees’ needs were proposed by theorists but these theories were not successful in giving the required outcome. Labor Management Relations Act Labor Management Relations Act, also called the Taft-Hartley Act was introduced in 1930s. The ambition behind introducing this act was to restrict employers to take unjustified actions against employees. Because of revolts by employees from different working industries, the influence of labor unions got improved. US federal government also started taking interest in the issues. The act also shows concern towards a consistent relationship betwee n management and labor union. The persecution of employees who are not part of the union, unacceptable membership charges, rejection of any deal with the management without considering its justness and unnecessarily suppressing of employers are some of the highlighted unjustified labor union actions in the act. Hughes, Kapoor and Pride (2009) inform that according to the act, the employers and management are authorized to inform the workers about merits and demerits of being a union member by giving the right knowledge to the workers. The strikes, which are precarious in terms of health and security of the nation, can be called off by the President of America according to the act. In addition, the workers are free to be a member of the union or reject it with their will. National Labor Relations Act National Labor Relations Act, also called the Wagner Act was introduced in 1935. This act gained existence in the period of Great Depression. Due to Great Depression, the employers have to minimize their functionalities, due to which, employees faced career uncertainty. Unions got active in order to support employees to get their rights. According to Jackson and Mathis (2007), collective bargaining was promoted by the US government under the Wagner act. The employees were not required to be a part of labor union to get their rights as they had the right to just management because of the act. According to Bohlander and Snell (2009), the Wagner Act highlighted certain unjust labor actions such as persecution of employees in terms of using their rights, keeping bias against the workers and rejection of the notion of collective bargain for opting for the workers’ spokespersons. Theorists Mary Parker Follett informed in her theory that management should be authoritative with employees or not over them. Employees and employers should form a relationship in which, they share authority and make decisions likewise. In this manner, processing and business functions wi ll be eased out. She introduced the term participative management in her essay, â€Å"The Giving of Orders†. Huston and Marquis (2008), inform about the theorist, Elton Mayo and his Harvard acquaintances who introduced Hawthorne effect. According to Huston and Marqui

Stresses for Trainee Counselling Psychologists | Review

Stresses for Trainee Counselling Psychologists | Review Title: A critical commentary on the following research paper: Kumary, A Martyn, B. (2008) Stresses reported by UK trainee counselling psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, March; 21:19-28 The prospect of entering any postgraduate training program can often be intimidating. Not only due to the academic commitment required, but because of the emotional demands and potential financial stranglehold placed on a student. These issues alone can leave trainees in both counselling and related psychological professions vulnerable to stress, which can not only damage the well-being of the student, but lower the overall quality of care experienced by patients when trainees are on placement (Cushway Tyler 1996; Kumary Baker 2008). Kumary Martyns make the simple argument, based loosely around Crushways (1992) study of UK clinical psychology trainees, that there are key aspects of training that impact on self-reported stress levels. These included poor supervision, financial costs, childcare, personal therapy and extra supervision. Some of these stressors identified cannot be thought of as essential or necessary aspects of training but this in itself is an area of key debate. (Kumary et al 2008). Other research has also highlighted the same key issues within counselling (Szymanska 2002), but has only looked at one issue in isolation and with this in mind, the present study was an investigation of UK counselling psychology trainees self-reports of their experiences of stress when training. One might go as far to question the rational of any study examining potential stress within such professions considering that having gone through an undergraduate degree already, students are already accustomed to a moderate l evel of stress and it simply goes with the territory (Cooper Quick 2003). On the other hand, such a study has never been conducted and may produce compelling results. Subjects were easy to identify and obtain although only UK counselling trainees who were studying for Part 1 of the BPS diploma were recruited. Are we to assume that this is when stress levels are at an optimal level? Questionnaires were sent out to all institutions. While the general characteristics of the sample are well represented, there was only a 41% return rate. This is good, but not outstanding in comparison to research conducted in similar domains, despite numerous follow-up e-mails and telephone calls (Robertson Sundstorm 1990). A financial incentive might have improved this return rate, but pre-paid return envelops were provided. However this data was collected in 2003, but not submitted for publication until 2007. Ethically, this delay in analysis and publication produces results that are already four years out of date in an education system that is constantly evolving (Hadley et al 1995). While such a simple methodology may initially seem sound, on closer inspection, the differences between the training programs of clinical and counselling are only glossed over and there is some evidence to suggest that the disparity between the two hinder a repetition of a seemingly straightforward approach last consulted in 1992 by Cushway. Aside from the time lapse, it is therefore important to consider the other issues surrounding the modification of a methodology previously used to investigate stress in clinical trainees. Firstly, counselling psychologist training tends to be less scientifically orientated than its clinical counterpart and most NHS posts are only open to Clinical Psychologists (Mayne, Norcross Sayette 2000). For example, it is generally accepted that counselling psychologists focus more on the therapeutic alliance with clients having to complete 450 hours of contact by the end of 3rd year training (Hadley et al 1995). While there are considerable similarities between the two disciplines, Norcorss (2000) documents many salient differences including professional activities, theoretical orientations, employment and training settings, graduate admissions and research areas. The question what are the differences in training clinical and counselling psychologists? -does not lend itself to an easy answer because psychology can be applied in so many ways. Traditionally, the main difference is in their training and perspective (Mayne et al 2000). It would appear to be an oversight on Kumary et als (2008) part to use a similar, modified methodology, previously applied to clinical trainees when the stress causing factors may be quite different. With these differences outlined in more detail, the old methodology would appear to require a more radical modification or adaptation from that used previously. Two main instruments were used to examine stress within the sample. The Counselling Psychology Trainee Stress Survey (CPTSS) and The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) (Wemeke, Goldberg Yalcin 2000). The CPTSS was developed from Cushways (1992) stress survey for clinical psychology trainees with four categories (academic stressors, placement stressors, organizational stressors and personal stressors). What is concerning is the lack of both research confirming the validity of the measure and the small brainstorm session using five trainees under those headings. Furthermore, from their discussion the CPTSS, constructed from 36 items, was only piloted on a further six trainees. This did lead to some changes being made with the authors settling on four descriptive categories slightly different from Cushways; academic demands, lack of support systems, placement stressors and personal and professional development. This displays neither convergent or discriminant validity. Finally, despi te other more valid forms of questionnaires available measuring stress (for example the Psychological Stress Measure (PMS), this study chose one which was quickly devised from a brief investigation and remains untested in the general population (Lemyre Tessier 2003; Trovato et al 2006). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) on the other hand has been specifically validated for use in non-psychotic populations (Wemeke et al 2000). Because it is a shortened, 12-item version of the GHQ, it allows for quick completion, is likely to increase participant response, is quick to code and statistical mistakes also become less likely. For the purposes of this study, it appears to be the ideal choice and has been used to great effect in a large body of pervious work (Winefield, Goldney, Winefield, Tiggemann 1989; Vaglum Falkum 1999; Quek, Low, Razack, Loh 2001). A recent review by Jackson (2007) however, pointed out that the 28 item is usually used because the GHQ28 has been more widely used in other working populations, which allows for better comparisons, but the reliability coefficients have ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 in numerous studies and Jackson concludes (2007, p. 57) that: ‘In using this tool with postgraduate students conducting research in many areas of occupational health, the GHQ rarely fails to provide reliable and effective measures of well-being that usually correlate very highly with other measures of working environments or organizations Regardless of how carefully survey data is collected and analyzed, the value of the final result depends on the truthfulness of the respondents answers to the questions asked. Over the last twenty years, researchers have debated extensively about the truthfulness of peoples self-reports, and no clear cut conclusion has emerged (Zechmeister, Zechmesiter, Shaughnessy 2001). If someone is asked whether or not they enjoyed their bath, there is generally no need to question whether this accurately reflects their real feelings. However, in everyday life there are some situations in which researchers should have reason to be suspect. Survey research involves reactive measurement because respondents know that their responses are being recorded. Pressures may be strong for people to respond as they think they should rather than what they actually feel or believe (Zechmeister et al 2001). The term used to describe theses pressures is social desirability and in Kumary Martyns study (2008) the se issues are present in their entirety (Zechmeister et al 2001). For example, a trainee counselling psychologists attitudes towards their own stress and health levels, may be a far cry from their actual stressful behavioural responses. Both the questioners administered rely solely on self report and this gives rise to some further criticism. The approach is straightforward, but there is a trade-off between allowing for a simple analysis and the complex use of questionnaires in any survey based study. It is a fine balance that is difficult to maintain. Self-report questionnaires are all answered at different times and in different locations by each subject. As a result, the measures are vulnerable to inaccuracies caused by confounding variables. For example, a trainee filling in a stress based measure might have just had a particularly stressful day or experience that will effect their score. They could even have exams in a few weeks. Alternatively, reporting the issue of time-management and stress may be meaningless when the respondent evidently has time to sit down and take part in such a study anyway. The results from any self report also lack directness. While there is no ideal direct measure of stress, it is possible to get a better indication by measuring some of the physiological effects in the body. For example, stress might be better measured via heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, brain waves, muscle tension, skin conductance or temperature (Lemyre et al 2003). While more costly, such a study could be replicated using skin conductance monitors, worn by trainee counselling psychologists and correlate daily activities with any changes. This might produce results documenting what aspects of the course give rise to more stress and allow for re-development and changes to be applied where necessary. A more elementary approach might be to use an electronic pager device which asks every hour, how stressed are you now and what are your currently doing? In summary, researchers and clinicians must be careful when adapting clinical tools and methodologies to assess stress. They were designed for pathological disorders and validated using clinical populations and so the statistical distributions are not normal (Trovato et al 2006). As Lemyre et al (2003, p. 1159) state: The concept of stress refers to a set of affective, cognitive, somatic and behavioral manifestations within the range of functional integrity Despite this, thirteen items from the CPTSS were identified as being the most stressful issues in the sample population (none came from lack of support), which were split into two groups. The first included practical issues of finding time, funds and suitable placements. One item was also linked with negotiating these three key areas and could have a subsequent impact on their social life. A second group comprised of more general postgraduate issues: academic pressure and professional socialization. In order to determine a basis for the four groupings within the 37 single items of the CPTSS they were employed as four sub-scales (academic, placement, PPD and lack of support). These also gave acceptable levels of reliability. (Kumary et al 2008). The authors also found some good evidence for demographic variants in stress, with significantly higher stress ratings reported by younger participants and lower for those who were older. The GHQ12 results were in two scoring forms casesness and extend of distress with 54 participants identified as cases had significantly higher CPTSS scores than the 39 non-cases. Key findings from Kumary et al (2008, p. 24) included: The higher the stress rated for an aspect of counselling psychology training, the clearer the indicators of psychiatric distress became older participants had lower CPTSS ratings especially on placement issues men reported lower CPTSS ratings, most notably on academic items The support items attracted less attribution in comparison to academic, placement and PPD issues, despite pilot discussions (Kumary et al 2008), suggesting again that the methodology behind this study was flawed from the start. This does to some extent mirror Cushways (1992) data in that support was viewed by participants as a resource to ease training-induced stress, and participants viewed it as a resource to be used rather than a cause of stress because it was insufficiently provided. Again, with this knowledge available at the outset, why was the same methodology used? At this point, one might mention the issue of correlation and how this does not imply causation, but no profile of a stressed student was possible because most of the results were not significant. The authors admit themselves that the data collected is nothing to be proud of (2008, p. 25). It is difficult to believe that Krumary et al (2008) did not clearly see the unsophisticated and non-standardized status of the CPTSS as a serious issue before conducting such a study particularly when compared with more experimental research methods (Lemyre et al 2003). It is possible that the measures used were not sensitive enough to pick up on individual stress differences between participants. The fact remains however, that the fundamental assumptions were wrong and the question remains, do trainees in professions such as clinical and counselling psychology experience more stress than those within the normal population and if so are such emotional demands a critical part of training? Should t rainees be exposed to unacceptable stress levels and their apparent resilience used as an assessment criterion of professional suitability? (Hadley Mitchell 1995) The basis of this study is not sound enough to warrant any overall generalizations within the target population. The approach was oversimplified at the expense of generalized, poor-quality results. In this sense, the study has contributed little to our knowledge into how trainee counselling psychologists experience stress. The lack of an original approach is a reminder of how academic journals vary in the quality of the research they publish. It is nevertheless important that it was published to illustrate a methodology that clearly failed and thus prevents further repetition. This is the constant winding road of modern applied psychological research. References Cooper, L. C., Quick, C. J. (2003). The stress and loneliness of success. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 1-7 Cushway, D. (1992). Stress in clinical psychology trainees. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 169-179 Cushway, D., Tyler, P. (1996). Stress in clinical psychologists. British Journal of Clinical Psychologists, 31, 169-179 Goldberg DP, et al. (1978) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire (NFER Publishing, Windsor, England). Hadley Mitchell (1995). Counselling Research and Program Evaluation. London: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Jackson, C. (2007). The General Health Questionnaire. Occupational Medicine, 57, 79 Kumary, A Martyn, B. (2008). Stresses reported by UK trainee counselling psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21,19-28 Lemyre, L., Tessier, R. (2003). Measuring psychological stress concept, model and measurement instrument in primary care research. Canadian Family Physician, 49, 1159-1160 Mayne, T. J., Norcross, J. C., Sayette, M. A. (2000). Insiders guide to graduate programs in clinical and counseling psychology (2000-2001 ed). New York: Guilford. Norcross C. J. (2000) Clinical Versus Counselling Psychology: Whats the Diff? Eye on Psi Chi, 5 (1), 20-22 Quek, F. K, Low, Y. W., Razack, H. A., Loh, S. C. (2001). Reliability and validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among urological patents: A Malaysian study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55 (5), 509-513 Robertson, M. T., Sundstrom, E. (1990). Questionnaire design, return rates, and response favorableness in an employee attitude questionnaire. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75 (3), 354-357 Szymanska, K. (2002). Trainee expectations in counselling psychology as compared to the reality of the training experience. Counselling Psychology Review, 17, 22-27 Trovato, M. G., Catalano, D., Martines, G. F., Spadaro, D., DI Corrado, D., Crispi, V., Garufi, G., Nuovo, S. (2006). Psychological stress measure in type 2 diabetes. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 10, 69-74 Vaglum, P., Falkum, E. (1999). Self-criticism, dependency and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of Norwegian physicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52 (1-3), 153-159 Wemeke, U., Goldberg, D., Yalcin, I. (2000). The stability of the factor structure of the General Health Questionaire. Psychological Medicine, 30, 823-829 Winefield, R. H., Goldney, D. R., Winefield, H. A., Tiggemann, M. (1989) The General Health Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity For Australian Youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23 (1), 53-58 Zechmeister, S. J., Zechmesiter, B. E., Shaughnessy, J. J. (2001). Essentials of Research Methods in Psychology, McGraw-Hill Higher Education Schizophrenia: the biological and psychological effect Schizophrenia: the biological and psychological effect The study of psychosis has been much published within the literature. Investigations into the biological, psychological and clinical aspects of the disorder have been greatly seen. An approach which views schizophrenia as a disturbance of information processing appears promising as a way of linking all of the aspects of the disorder. A review of the research in this area led to the suggestion that the basic disturbance in schizophrenia is a weakening of the influences of stored memories of regularities of previous input on current perception. It is argued that the link between information processing disturbances and biological abnormalities may be facilitated by the use of paradigms derived from animal learning theory (latent inhibition and Kamins blocking effect). In a number of animal model studies and indeed human subject studies, on an individuals pattern of performance in acute schizophrenics, the information gained is consistent with the cognitive model. The ways in which such an information-processing disturbance may lead to schizophrenic symptomatology will thus be outlined, with particular reference to the formation and maintenance of delusional beliefs. The core cognitive abnormality may result from a disturbance in any of the brain structures involved in the prediction of subsequent sensory input. The proposed circuit implicates in particular the hippocampus and related areas and is consistent with studies of brain pathology in schizophrenia. Thus, this paper will aim to provide an insight into the biological and psychological effects of schizophrenia and will give an insight into the current treatments available and their effects on the individual and their biological status. Introduction Understanding the varied presentation of the many types of psychotic disorders is still a major challenge within todays scientific capacity. The approaches utilized to clarify their complex nature of such disorders of the neurological system present an ongoing challenge, due to the complexity of the interaction between both biological entities (the brain) and the psychological effects. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the evolution of our understanding of schizophrenia in terms of the biological and psychological effects of the disorder, based upon a review of the literature findings. Studies, which have been conducted regarding the life-long evolution of mental illnesses, especially schizophrenia, have been publicized for decades and this has managed to initiate the early standing of schizophrenia and of the nature of its chronic states. These experiences have further contributed to the views we hold today regarding the illness, leading in a third phase to the development of a biological-psychosocial model of its evolution which has proved useful for both theoretical and practical purposes. Finally, an understanding of therapeutic experiences and theoretical explorations based on the biological and psychological has helped to minimize the effects of the disease within the patient population. Biological basis of schizophrenia Across the findings within the literature, the question of whether schizophrenia is associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the nervous system, or both, appears to have become the principal focus in many of the biological studies of schizophrenia. A number of different methods of investigation of this system have been conducted including computed tomography studies, which have been able to reveal ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients. When such enlargement is found within the brain of the majority of patients in the early stages of the illness, they appear to be most severe in patients with negative symptoms and poor outcome. Quantitative neuropathological studies have tentatively demonstrated decreased volume of specific brain areas, neuronal loss, and other changes in the limbic system, basal ganglia, and frontal cortex. Dopamine (DA) remains the neurotransmitter most likely to be involved in schizophrenia, although t here is also evidence for disturbances of serotonin and norepinephrine. Post-mortem and positron emission tomographic studies suggest an increased number of D2 DA receptors in some schizophrenics. Neuroendocrine studies reinforce the role of DA in schizophrenics. Viral infections and autoimmune disturbances may be responsible for some types of schizophrenia, but there is no firm experimental evidence to support either hypothesis. The possibility that mixtures of structural abnormalities and functional changes involving DA occur in the same patients rather than independently as part of two syndromes (Type I, II) seems attractive. The symptoms of schizophrenia patients appear to be diverse, with different elements of the disease having different impacts on different individuals. Since Bleulers (1950) conception of the schizophrenias as a heterogenous disease composed of symptomaticlly different subgroups, attempts have been made to identify biological correlates of specific behavioral dysfunction. Diagnosis of the illness could be seen to have been fraught with difficulties. The initial lack of differentiation between the manic episodes of bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia still presents as being greatly problematic within studies published within the literature, and subsequent attempts to differentiate between subgroups of schizophrenics have yielded no discrete classification system. The search for an etiology has also been bedeviled by this lack of distinct classification. Nevertheless, the publication of and the conduction of a number of biological theories have contributed to an understanding o f schizophrenia by identifying specific dysfunctional neural areas in determining biochemical changes associated with symptomatology and in formulating new etiological hypotheses. Neurological correlation between neurological studies and the effects of schizophrenia have been examined by research conducted through the use of magnetic resonance imaging, computed and positron emission tomography, and, also postmortem morphological changes (Koning et al, 2010). Studies of cognitive function in association with metabolic and cerebrovascular activity have contributed to the identification of discrete neural dysfunction. In addition, development of the dopamine theory and its relationship to positive symptoms has assisted in diagnostic differentiation, while recent studies on the modulatory role of neuropeptides on neurotransmitters have expanded the scope of the dopamine theory. Several biological theories have been proposed for an etiology of schizophrenia. (Krabbendam et al, 2004) Perinatal complications and viral infection have been suggested either in isolation or in conjunction with genetic factors. Low birth weight has also been proposed as a predisposing or associated factor in the subsequent development of schizophrenia. The viral hypothesis has received impetus from recent research into retroviruses capable of genetic transmission and causing latent disease onset. It is also recognized that factors other than biological, in particular, Psychosocial influences may play an etiological role in schizophrenia. Discussion of these factors, however, will not be discussed in great detail in this paper due to time restrictions. The difficulty of diagnosis As etiological studies rely to a large extent on accurate diagnosis, it is important initially to identify diagnostic problems because this aids an understanding between the interplay between biological and psychological effects, which can be noted in schizophrenics. It has long been recognized that the term schizophrenia incorporates a heterogeneous collection of subgroups, possibly with different etiologies, disease processes, and outcomes. The subsequent categorization of such patients into meaningful groups therefore relies upon differences in symptomatology and long term outcome, and fall broadly into three categories- paranoid versus nonparanoid, negative versus positive, and chronic versus acute (Goldstein Tsuang, 1988) The literature proposes that paranoid groups show a better premorbid adjustment, cognitive performance, and prognosis than the nonparanoid group (Kumra and Schulz, 2008), it has been suggested that this represents a measurement artifact and depends on whether absolute or relative measures of paranoia are used. Studies using absolute predominance measures to the exclusion of other symptoms reject many subjects displaying both sets of symptoms. Many nonpredominance studies show no differences between the groups of an increase in negative outcome as paranoid symptoms increase. Other researchers have proposed that schizophrenics could be categorized into two types placed into their category upon the basis of positive or negative symptom preponderence. Type I, or the positive symptom group, display some of the Schneiderian first rank symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, while Type 2, or the negative symptom group, show affective loss or extinction, speech content poverty, psychomotor deficits, and a general loss of drive or will. One of the problems with this categorization is that many schizophrenics display both sets of symptoms and that schizophrenics with primary positive symptoms often develop negative symptoms over time (Phillips and Silverstein, 2003). This would mean that studies using young subjects showing predominantly Positive symptoms may not be adequately differentiating between groups. Recent refinements of the positive/negative dichotomy have led to a redefinition of negative symptoms congruent with familial genetic factors, developmental dys- function, and the development of psychometric scales to measure relative symptomatology (Pickett-Schnenk et al, 2006). However, the influence of neuroleptic drugs on attentional and extrapyramidal functioning could also contribute to the development of differential symptoms. Furthermore, the effects of early environmental factors, such as perinatal trauma and familial environment, and of concurrent disorders, such as depression, are not adequately taken into account in such studies. Thus, this highlights the difficulties, which can be seen when trying to relate the biological and psychological effects of schizophrenia to a certain pathological aspect of brain development. Within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; APA, 1987) chronicity is defined as persistence of disturbance for more than two years with further residual diagnosis if subsequent symptoms are primarily negative. It is assumed to be associated with negative symptoms within Crows typography (Crow, 1980). This classification is the most common in the literature because of its basis in psychiatric diagnosis and its relationship to poor prognosis and to biological and cognitive deficits. For the purpose of biological research, the argument appears to be somewhat circular however because, for example, research attempts to find biological correlates of subgroups that are often operationally defined by their biological correlates. Moreover, there is significant overlap between the two groups in that many initially acute schizophrenics subsequently become chronic (by definition). While researchers across the literature publications acknowledge the heterogeneity of the disease, they continue to rely operationally on a dichotomous diagnosis. Multiple research strategies on the same subgroup would assist in isolating behavioural and biological attributions and in refining diagnostic criteria. Biochemical research and the impact on our understanding of the effects of schizophrenia Disruptions of neural biochemical processes have been extrapolated both from the effects of psychomimetic drugs and from the actions of symptom-reducing neuroleptic drugs. Drugs such as amphetamine and L-dopa, which cause psychotic conditions (e.g., hallucinations and paranoia), are known to involve excesses of dopamine release (Goodwin, 1972). Although different classes of neuroleptics are known to block acetylcholine, noradrenaline, or serotinin transmission, all of them block dopamine, and symptom reduction is thought to emanate from the latter (Millar et al, 2001). Within the dopamine theory two models of dysfunction have been proposed: autoreceptor excess, and postsynaptic receptor mechanism deficit. Different classes of neuroleptics vary in whether action is pre- or postsynaptic, but an inhibition of dopamine transmission is effected by all classes. Two classes of dopamine receptors have been identified-D1 and DP as previously mentioned, and it is believed that they are related to schizophrenia and neuroleptic effects. Distinctions between the two are based upon their actions on adenylate cyclase: stimulatory for Dl and distinct or inhibitory for D2 (Murray et al, 2008). Dl neurons, which project from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum, are implicated in Parkinsons disease. Inhibition of Dl receptors is believed to be the origin of neuroleptic side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonianism. D2 receptors are associated with the antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs and form the mesolimbic dopamine system which projects to the frontal cortex and some limbic forebrain structures (Tseng et al, 2008). The proposition that schizophrenic symptoms are caused by an excess of D2 receptors was initially difficult to substantiate due to drug effects and disease process. In most postmortem studies showing higher densities of dopamine receptors, previous antipsychotic drug use is also implicated (Seeman, 1986). However, in several studies subjects had never been treated with neuroleptics and still evinced increased dopamine receptor density (Trower et al, 2004). The role of dopamine receptor anomalies has also been studied using differential effects of classes of neuroleptics on dopamine receptors. In vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) research using the ligand [Cl raclopride has indicated that diverse classes of neuroleptic drugs administered in clinically effective doses block D2 dopamine receptors in the putamen. suggesting increased D2 dopamine density in schizophrenic subjects (Thompson et al, 2001). Research on the role of the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, on dopamine receptors has however yielded inconsistent results. It is thought that the relative absence of extrapyramidal side effects with clozapine administration is due to a selective effect on D2 dopamine activity in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens but not in the substantia nigra or striatum. Haloperidol, on the other hand, reduces dopamine activity in both areas. The effects of both drug classes have been observed in rats using in vivo extracellular sing le-unit recordings (Tseng et al, 2009). However, clozapine also acts antagonistically on cholinergic, a-adrenergic, his- tamine, and serotonin receptors and, in addition, the combination of haloperidol with the a-noradrenergic antagonist, prazosin, produces similar effects to clozapine administration, namely, reduced basal dopamine release in the striatum but not in the nucleus accumbens (Thimm et al, 2010). Studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of prolactin following clozapine administration have also yielded inconsistent reslults. Prolactin release is inhibited by dopamine and increased by conventional neuroleptics. However, in at least one study it has been found that administration of clozapine to human schizophrenic subjects produced no significant increase in prolactin levels 11 hours after administration, despite moderate to marked therapeutic effects (Meltzer, Goode, Schyve, Young, Fang, 1979). Several recent studies have also implicated Dl receptor blocks in the therapeutic effects of clozapine. A further obstacle to the initial acceptance of the dopamine theory has been the time discrepancy between drug administration and antipsychotic symptomatic effects. PET studies have shown immediate binding to dopamine receptor sites, yet their clinical effect is often delayed for several weeks (Tarrier et al, 1999). There have been suggestions that receptors blocks produce an initial overactivity of dopamine release to compensate for inhibition. Further evidence for the dopamine theory has come from measurements of CSF, and plasma levels of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA). Although findings in unmedicated patients have not yielded consistent differences in HVA levels between schizophrenics and controls, neuroleptic treatment increases HVA levels (Abubaker et al, 2008). In unmedicated patients, a correlation between low HVA levels and cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement has been found in at least one study. This has led to the suggestion that dopamine excess is related to Type 1 schizophrenia, an interpretation which is supported by a good response to neuroleptic drugs in this group (Crow, 1985). In addition, Allen et al (2008) has suggested a possible deficiency of dopamine in Type 2 schizophrenics. However, the Type l-Type 2 typography has not been fully supported, and there is evidence that neuroleptic drugs elicit response in negative symptom sufferers (Allen et al, 2008). From the evidence there is little doubt of the biological role of dopamine within some forms of schizophrenia. The influence of serotonin in schizophrenia was suggested by the antagonistic activity of the psychomimetic drug, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), on serotonin transmission (Addinton and Addington, 1993). This has been studied in CSF by measuring levels of the serotonin precuresor, tryptophan, and the metabolite 5- hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). At least one study has found reduced levels of 5-HIAA in schizophrenics and no difference between those on and off neuroleptics, but the latter group had only been drug free for a short time (three weeks). Therefore residual effects cannot be discounted. It was not stated whether subjects were also suffering from depression, which is known to decrease serotonin levels (Akbarian and Huang, 2009). Neither increasing nor decreasing serotonin levels have had a beneficial effect on schizophrenic symptoms (Akbarian and Huang, 2009). Monoamine oxidase (MAO) metabolizes dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, as well as endogenous stimulants or hallucinogens such as phenylethylamine and diethltryptamine. It has therefore been hypothesized that decreased MAO activity could be contributory to schizophrenia. Studies have been conducted into platelet MAO activity in schizophrenics with varying results. Meltzer and Arora (1980) found that decreased MAO platelet activity was positively correlated with paraniod and positive symptoms. Other studies have found no un- usual MAO platelet activity in paranoid or hallucinating schizophrenics (Arts et al, 2008) Recent research has also considered the role of neuro-peptides in modulating CNS functions and the possible implications for schizophrenic symptomatology. Endorphins have been the subject of the most intensive study because of their association to proposed neural deficit areas both in biochemical and neuropathlogical research. The B, y, and (Y endorphins originate in the basal hypothalamus and modulate neurotransmitter activity in several structures of the limbic system and brain stem. Of all the biochemical theories of schizophrenia, the dopamine hypothesis has been the most consistently substantiated in research. The implication of other neurotransmitters, however, suggests a possible diffuse dysfunction with dopamine eliciting the most severe disruption. Efforts have been made to control for medication, but residual drug effects cannot be discounted. Many studies now use chlorpromazine equivalents to control for the effects of varying medication levels. The problem with this method is that, although different classes of neuroleptics all reduce dopamine levels either pre- or postsynaptically, they do not have equivalent effects on serotonin, MAO, or noradrenalin. Further problems are encountered when attempts are made to ascribe an etiological function to neurotransmitter activity. It is equally probable that any such changes are caused by the disease process rather than their being causal. Structual brain abnormalities The neuropathology of schizophrenia has received considerable recent interest in the light of positron emmission tomography (PET), postmortem, cognitive function and cerebral blood flow (CBF) research. While PET scans and postmortem investigation have concentrated on structural measurements, cognitive studies have provided tacit support for such structural changes. It has been hypothosized that neuropathological abnormalities identified in subgroups of schizophrenics could be in vitro developmental disorders either genetically transmitted or resulting from prenatal trauma (Ashburner et al, 2008). The most consistent findings across the publications within the literature have been differences in ventricular size, in some sections of the temporal limbic and nigrostriatal systems and basal ganglia, and in the prefrontal cortex. Measurements of ventricular size have however, shown considerable inconsistency, with some studies finding no significant difference between subjects and non-schizophrenic controls (Bles et al, 2010), and some reporting significant differences between chronic paranoid and hebephrenic subjects and normal controls (Bales et al, 2010). Evidence to date suggests that ventricular enlargement is only salient for a small subgroup of schizophrenics subject to chronicity or other, as yet unidentified, factors. Inconsistency in the results could be due to deviations in subject samples. It has been proposed that atrophy of specific neural areas could account for some schizophrenic symptoms. While some evidence has come directly from postmortem studies. Abnormalities have also been inferred from the results of PET and CAT scans and CBF measurements performed in conjunction with cognitive tasks designed to activate specific neural areas. Postmortem studies have identified significant cortical atrophy in the lateral nigro-striatal area (Birchwood et al, 2004) and in the limbic portions of the temporal lobe, specifically the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus (Birchwood et al, 2004). Psychotherapies and social treatments The psychological effects and impacts of schizophrenia must be emphasized. Due to the impact of the different, aforementioned parts of the brain and the CNS in schizophrenia, the psychological impact of the disease is obviously one, which takes great effect as previously mentioned. Psychotherapies are thought to be important within the current treatment lines in schizophrenia and although antipsychotic medications are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia, pharmacotherapy alone produces only limited improvement in negative symptoms, cognitive function, social functioning and quality of life. Additionally, it has been found that a great number of patients continue to suffer from persistent positive symptoms and relapses particularly when they fail to adhere to prescribed medications. This underlines the need for multi-modal care including psychosocial therapies as adjuncts to antipsychotic medications to help alleviate symptoms and to improve adherence, social functioning and qu ality of life (Patterson and Leeuwenkamp, 20008). A short review of the evidence that has accumulated on the efficacy of the major modalities of psychosocial treatment highlights that treatments involving social skills training, psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) can all have a role in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. The reasoning behind the success of each treatment can give guidance into the psychological effects of the disease. For example, Psychoeducational interventions provide information about the disorder and its treatment to patients and their family members, and additionally inform the patients and family members about strategies to cope with schizophrenic illness. From the literature findings, it is evident that an extensive body of literature has accumulated regarding the efficacy of these interventions. Meta-analyses suggest that these interventions reduce high expressed emotion among relatives, and decrease relapse and rehospita lization rates (Pitschel et al, 2002; Giron et al, 2010). In general, interventions that include family members are found to have a much greater level of success (Pharaoh et al, 2006). Multi-family psychoeducation group approaches, which provide family psychoeducation and additionally offer an expanded social network, are found to reduce rates of relapse as are peer-to-peer education programs for families and patients (Chien et al, 2006). Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) About a third of patients with schizophrenia continue to suffer from persistent psychotic symptoms despite adequate pharmacotherapy. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has therefore been presented as a system of treatment which has emerged to address this need, and is based on the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations stem from misinterpretations and irrational attributions caused by self-monitoring deficits. CBT seeks to help patients rationally appraise their experience of disease symptoms and how they respond to them, thereby reducing symptoms and preventing relapse (Turkington et al, 2008). Meta-analytic evaluations of this data have found CBT to be effective in ameliorating positive symptoms (Rector and Beck, 2001) although effect sizes of CBT have been noted to be inconsistent across studies and a recent meta-analysis of six blinded studies (Lynch et al, 2010) found CBT to be ineffective in reducing any symptoms of schizophrenia or in preventing relapse; the fairness of this analysis has been questioned (Kingdon et al, 2010). CBT is reported to be ineffective in targeting negative symptoms and its effects on other treatment domains are not well studied. Although CBT is recommended as a standard of care for persons with schizophrenia (NICE, 2009) the results are thought to give the best outcomes in patients who are willing to comply with treatment. Cognitive remediation A substantive proportion of schizophrenia patients have impaired cognition, particularly in the domains of psychomotor speed, attention, working memory and executive function, verbal learning and social cognition. These deficits are robust and persist during the illness, and serve as rate limiting factors for functional recovery (Tandon et al, 2009). Several cognitive remediation approaches have been developed over the past two decades which involve compensation strategies to organize information, use of environmental aids such as reminders and prompts, and a range of techniques designed to enhance executive function and social cognition (Eack et al, 2010). Earlier reviews and meta-analyses which have been presented and published within the literature findings have suggested that cognitive remediation leads to modest improvements in performance on neuropsychological tests but has limited generalization to functional outcomes (Pilling et al, 2002) One large meta-analysis published by McGurk et al, (2007), however, found that cognitive remediation was associated with significant improvements in cognitive performance and symptoms, as well as psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation has been found to be more effective in studies that provided adjunctive psychiatric rehabilitation in addition to cognitive remediation. Thus, it appears to be the case that the durability of benefits of cognitive remediation are not yet set in stone. Social skills training (SST) Schizophrenia patients manifest deficits in social competence and these contribute to poor outcome. The goal of SST is to improve day-to-day living skills by focusing on components of social competence such as self-care, basic conversation, vocational skills, and recreation. These skills are practiced mostly in group settings using techniques based on operant and social learning theory. Historically, token economy was the first such intervention that sought to improve the social behavior of patients with psychiatric illness. While effective, the results did not generalize beyond the therapeutic setting. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of social skills training in schizophrenia showed a large effect size for improvement in skills, a moderate effect size for performance-based social and community skills and for community functioning, and a small effect size for symptoms and relapse (Kurts and Mueser, 2008) Conclusions Thus, in conclusion, and in review of the findings published within the literature, it si clear that the impact of both biological aspects of the disease and psychological impacts are prevalent within the schizophrenic population. In summary, research on psychosocial approaches to treatment of schizophrenia has yielded incremental evidence of efficacy of CBT, SST, family psychoeducation, ACT and supported employment. Relatively few rigorously conducted trials of psychosocial interventions have been reported in the early course of schizophrenia, a phase of the illness when effective interventions may yield long-term outcome benefits . More hypothesis-driven research is needed to examine active ingredients of the therapeutic modalities that work, to identify the synergistic effects of combinations of interventions, and to use the knowledge which we have gained from the biological impact of the disease and the understandings of the neurological circuitry and its implications in schizoph renia to aid the development of new methods of reducing the effects of schizophrenia on the patient population.