Essay on UK described in 6 Hofstede dimensions - 1027 Words

1. Today I would like to present you the United Kingdom described in six Geert Hofstedes dimensions. 2. Separated from the European continent by the North Sea and English Channel, the United Kingdom includes England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. England and Wales were united in 1536. The United Kingdom is the 22nd-most populous country, with an estimated 64.1 million inhabitants. It is a constitutional monarchy and has a parliamentary system of governance. Its capital city is London, an important global city and financial centre with the second-largest urban area in the European Union 3. The culture of the United Kingdom is the pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with the United Kingdom and its people. The UK†¦show more content†¦The route to happiness is through personal fulfillment. 6. Masculinity At 66, Britain is a masculine society – highly success oriented and driven. A key point of confusion for the foreigner lies in the apparent contradiction between the British culture of modesty and understatement which is at odds with the underlying success driven value system in the culture. Critical to understanding the British is being able to ‘’read between the lines’’ What is said is not always what is meant. In comparison to feminine cultures such as the Scandinavian countries, people in the UK live in order to work and have a clear performance ambition. 7. Uncertainty avoidance At 35 the UK has a low score on uncertainty avoidance which means that as a nation they are quite happy to wake up not knowing what the day brings and they are happy to ‘make it up as they go along’ changing plans as new information comes to light. As a low UAI country the British are comfortable in ambiguous situations - the term ‘muddling through’ is a very British way of expressing this. In work terms this results in planning that is not detail oriented – the end goal will be clear but the detail of how we get there will be light and the actual process fluid and flexible to emerging and changing environment. Planning horizons will also be shorter. Most importantly the combination of a highly individualistic and curious nation is aShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Management4004 Words   |  17 PagesExecutive Summary The aim of this report is to provide a framework for understanding the differences in the cultures of India and China and to highlight the adjustments that will need to be made by ABC Ltd. which is based in Northampton, UK to succeed in the innovation co-operation of solar technology solutions in these two countries (Bhasin, 2007). In this paper we have used the historical background of cultures in India and China to define value, traditions, and attitudes. It also highlightsRead MoreAnalysis Of Hofstede s Five Dimensions Of Culture906 Words   |  4 Pageshad the privilege of working with managers and team members in the UK and European markets and have noticed many differences between how we manage staff, resources and clients. While we have commonalities in the product we’re implementing or presenting to clients or even the language we speak, in the end, we conduct business differently depending on the country or region we’re from. In analyzing Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture we can better understand the cultural differences betweenRead MoreDimensionalizing Cultures. the Hofstede Model in Context11051 Words   |  45 PagesUnit 2 Theoretical and Methodological Issues Subunit 1 Conceptual Issues in Psychology and Culture 12-1-2011 Article 8 Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context Geert Hofstede Universities of Maastricht and Tilburg, The Netherlands, hofstede@bart.nl Recommended Citation Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8 This Online Readings inRead MoreSupermarket Retailing in Brazil and India3706 Words   |  15 Pageseffort to grow their businesses in other countries. As the global middle class continues to increase in numbers, the selection of countries appropriate for expansion has become even more difficult. 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Demonstration orRead MoreArticle: Geert Hofstede vs. Fons Trompenaars4908 Words   |  20 PagesGeert Hofstede vs. Fons Trompenaars Introduction How do we market in different cultures? Although we have done many researches about the different cultures, marketing, which is as a discipline, has lagged behind other researches in recognizing the need for it. 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The Glass Menagerie Existentialist Responsibilities...

The story of a young Tennessee Williams is poetically portrayed through a 1945 Broadway Play, The Glass Menagerie. The main character, Tom Wingfield, lives in his family’s apartment with his mother, Amanda Wingfield, and sister, Laura Wingfield. Their father left the family, and he remains a silent character appearing as a portrait on the apartment wall. Throughout the seven scenes, the immaturity of each family member is revealed. In search of adventure, Tom has dreams of being a writer and wishes to leave his family and factory job, like his father, to join the Merchant Marines. Laura lets her disability, a braced leg, hinder her finding a job or a husband, while Amanda stays in denial of her children’s failure by living in the past†¦show more content†¦There are evident parallels made when comparing Williams’ life to his masterpiece. John Lahr describes Edwina, Williams mother, as, [...] a frigid hysteric, given to manipulative bouts of fainting , and a non-stop talker, whose barrage of chatter oppressed her mute and hapless children. Edwina was the head of her household yet she denied reality as she ignored the severity of things. She also kicked her husband out of her home, and took half of the finances. Rose, Tennessees sister, had one of the first lobotomies performed on her (Lahr). Although some aspects of Williams’ life were altered for the play, Amanda’s perturbing personality, Laura’s health problems-or disabilities, and the father’s absence all relate to his family’s characteristics. Existentialism, originally from the 1900s, is focused on the existence of humans and their pursuit of meaning (â€Å"Existentialism-A Philosophy†). Catharine Savage Brosman studied Jean Paul Sartre’s lecture L’Existentialisme est un humanisme and concluded: Existentialists believe a human nature does not exist and neither does God. There is no set meaning to life, and the only purpose is for Man to find his own meaning. She then explains the ethics behind this, â€Å"Sartre gives an example [†¦]: a young man during the Occupation trying to decide whether to stay home and take care of his unhappy mother or leave to fight with the Free French based in England.†

Dividend and Share Price Relation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Share price Movement and dividend Payments are independent of each other - Critically analyse the above statement with reference to the literature on Dividend Policy and Empirical Evidences, giving your Final View on the Issue. Answer: Introduction: Dividend payment strategy and share price of a company is directly related to each other. If the company would offer high dividend payout or low dividend payout than it directly affects the share price of a company. Mainly, both the policies which are high dividend policies and low dividend policies make the different impact over the performance and the stock price of a company. Companies take the help of various dividend policies to make a better decision about how much dividend must be paid to the investors to keep them satisfied and attract other investors to invest into the operations of the company (Zhang, 2012). Various dividend policies such as relevant theory, residual relevant theory, expectation theory etc have been analyzed. Usually making a decision about the high or low dividend is important for an organization. An organization is required to look over various factors and then make a better decision about the dividends. In this report, various dividend policies of the co mpany have been analyzed and than a better decision have been made (FIRRER 2012). Analyze the dividend polices and analytical view: Dividend policies are mainly of two types which are relevant dividend polices and irrelevant dividend policies. Relevant dividend policies depict that mainly investors look over the market and dividend offered by the company to make a decision about the investment into the company. Relevant dividend theories are bird in hand theory, expectation theory and residual dividend theory whereas irrelevant theories are MM theory. Dividend relevant theories brief that the tax and the transaction cost of the company are also applied and considered while making the decision of the investment. Inflation rate do not exist in this theory (Tucker, 2011). Bird in hand theory mainly considers that high dividend payout ratio must be adopted by the company as it attracts the investors more due to the thought process of the investors that they would be able to earn the more return from the stock of the company. Further, the residual dividend theory depict that the company must manage all the expenditure, capital expenditure before distributing the divided amount to its shareholders. This depict that the total amount of profit must be distributed to the shareholder but after paying all the capital expenditure (DEEPTEE and ROSHAN, 2009). Expectation theory states that long term interest rate depict about the short term performance of the company. Further, it has been found that all of these theories depict the company to take the use of all the net profit to attract the investors (Davies and Crawford, 2011). Further, irrelevant dividend policies have been analyzed. It depict that mainly investors do not look over the market and dividend offered by the company to make a decision about the investment into the company whereas they analyze the financial performance and stability of the company (Breuer, Rieger and Soypak, 2014). Miller and Modigliani have invested this approach. They have analyzed through this research that it is not necessary for the investors of a market to consider the dividend payout of the company (Masum, 2014). They have also approached that the dividend payout of a company could never be enough to analyze about the stability and performance of the company. This theory also briefs that the tax and the transaction cost of the company are also not applied and do not considered while making the decision about the investment (CORRERIA, 2013). This theory mainly considers that it is not required for an organization to deliver high dividend to the investor because this could not depict about the performance of the company (Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas, 2015). The hypothesis of dividend theory depict that various factors are there which makes an impact over the management and organization choice about the dividends. Leverages, debt constraints, capital rules impairment, cash availability and investment opportunities in front of the company (Barman, 2008). For instance, if the company has a great investment opportunity and for that company wants to raise the fund than company could retain some amount of dividend for further use and it would impact over the dividend policies of the companies. Further, according to the study of Brealey, Myers and Marcus, (2007), it has been found that the factors are quite important for an investors as well as organization to understand. Many times, the dividend is lowered by the company to raise the profits of the company through some other ways. Investors must look over these points and make a decision accordingly (Bradford, Chen and Zhu, 2013). It would also help the company to maintain the stock price. Though, from various studies and the reports of the analyst, it has been analyzed that the investors are not well informed and do not have enough knowledge to analyze and evaluate the performance of the company (Bodie, 2013). They only analyze the current performance and the position of the company which could only be analyzed through the current market share price of the company (STEEN et al, 2012). Thus through this analysis, it has been analyzed that the companys are required to announce the dividend to set the performance and position into the current market so that the investors could get attract towards the company and make high investment into the company. Cash dividends are bit essential for the company to become more competitive and enhance the market price of the stock of the company (CORRERIA et al, 2013). Factors for low dividend payout or high dividend payout: Dividend payout is the value which evaluates the total dividend paid out by the company to its investors on the basis of the net profit of the company. Dividend payout of a company mainly depends over the policies of the company (Breuer, Rieger and Soypak, 2014). If the company follows the policy of the relevant policies than the dividend payout of the company would be higher whereas if the company would follow the policies of the irrelevant policies than the dividend payout of the company would be lower or nil. The formulas of dividend payout are as follows: =Total annual dividend of the company / diluted earnings per share (Davies and Crawford, 2011). There are various factors which affect the lower dividend payout as well as higher dividend payout of a company such as the industry norms, investment opportunity, cash position in the company, competitors position, profit position of the company, economical position etc. A company is required to make the decision about dividend payout after considering all the above given factors. Such as if the economical position is not good than must company must retain the profit and use it for further operations of the company rather than dividing it into the shareholders of the company. Low dividend payout ratio depict that the comapny would offer a lower % of the total net profit to the investors and will retain the extra amount for the further investment in the company so that the company do not require to raise the funds from the external sources. Low dividend payout ratio is not in the favour of the company according to the various analyst of the company (Barman, 2008). At the same time, high dividend payout ratio depict that the comapny would offer a higher % of the total net profit to the investors so that the company. This % would be higher than the affordability of the company. High dividend payout ratio is not in the favour of the company according to the various analyst of the company as this assist the company to face various risks in the market (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). A company must consider the high dividend payout ratio only if the market position of the company is well and good and company could enhance the profit at any time and the funds could also be raised by the company from market easily (Shao, Kwo and Guedhami, 2013). So, the management accountant must make the decision of lower dividend policies and higher dividend policies accordingly. Mainly, it is considered that higher dividend profit is the best option as investor got some money periodically in terms of dividend which makes them attract. Analysis over dividend and share price relation: Dividend payment and share price of the company is direct related to each other. Mainly, the share price of a company is affected due to the dividend price although the dividend history and other related factors also make an affect over these values. If the dividend offered by the company gets reduced than it directly affect the share price of the company. Companies take the help of various dividend policies to make a better decision about how much dividend must be paid to the investors to keep them satisfy and attract other investors to invest into the operations of the company. Basically, it becomes bit tough for the company to make these decisions. Market psychology is an outcome of various analysts report collectively that depict that basically the share price of a company depends over the total stock of the company which has been issues and fluctuations which could take place into the security market or the economical condition of the company. Naser, Nuseibeh and Rashed, (2013) have expressed that an investor always wants to earn more profits from the market and enhance the worth of the invested amount. So he or she tries to invest into that security from where they could earn more profits. Bodie, (2013) has expressed in their study that dividend psychology has also been studied and it has been analyzed that it depicts that the many companies always offer the same dividend with a good dividend payout ratio so that the expectation of the investors enhances from the market and they expect that each company would offer them that much of dividend. Thanatawee (2013) says that this creates a positive relationship among the dividend and share price of the company. As due to the dividend, the investors would be attracted more towards the company and then the demand and supply of the stock in the market would enhance and through it the share price of the company would also increase. Through it and through the market analysis, it has been found that dividend declaration affects the stock price of a company at huge level (Bradford et al, 2013). At the time of delivering the dividend, the share price of the company get fluctuate rapidly and the main reason behind enhancing and decreasing the stock price of the company is its dividend payout value. Baker and Weigand, (2015) have expressed that through the dividend and stock price of the company have positive relations with each other so the company is required to offer a good dividend to the investors to make a good position in the market and enhance the market price of the security. Analytical evidences: For analyzing the relationship of dividend and the stock price of a company. 10 companies of the market have been taken and their share price has been compared before declaring the share price and after the declaration of share price. Through this, it has been analyzed that after the declaration of the dividend, the share price of almost all the stock has been enhanced this depict that the study of the analyst is realistic in the security market. Comapny Date Share price Share price After Effect Before 30 days 30 days Anwar Ceramic tiles 13th April 0.143 0.146 Share price has been enhanced. AHLI Bank 27th March 0.105 0.11 Share price has been enhanced. Madina Investment 28th June 0.38 0.39 Share price has been enhanced. ACWA Power Barka 18th June 0.78 0.752 Share price has been reduced. Bank Dhofar 27th March 0.198 0.202 Share price has been enhanced. Majan college 29th Nov 0.42 0.46 Share price has been enhanced. Batinah power 11th June 1.125 1.125 Share price is similar. Madina Takaful 27th March 0.105 0.109 Share price has been enhanced. Buriami Hotel 18th June 0.93 0.98 Share price has been enhanced. Omannia financial securities 21st March 0.253 0.276 Share price has been enhanced. The above calculation and analysis over the above companies express that the Anwar ceramic tiles, AHLI bank, Medina Investment, Bank Dhofar, Majan college, Madina Takaful, Buriami Hotel and Omannia financial securities depict that the stock price of these securities has been enhanced after announcing the dividend. This has taken place due to the high dividend payout ratio. The dividend announcement has attracted the investors to invest into the company. Further, the stock price of the ACWA power Barka has been reduced due to lower dividend payout ratio. And the share price of Batinah Power has become same even after announcing the dividend due to the fact that the dividend offered by the company was average. Through this study, it has been found that if the normal or good dividend is offered by the company to its investors then the demand of the stock enhances into the market and it directly make an impact over the share price of the company (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). Conclusion: To conclude, organizations must look over the analysis and market situation as well as the nature of the investors before announcing the dividend so that the investors could get attract towards the company and company become able to get more dividend from the market. Cash dividends are bit essential for the company to become more competitive and enhance the market price of the stock of the company. Neither the higher dividend payout ratio nor the lower dividend payout ratio is in the favour of the company as both of these would raise the different issues in front of the company. Through this, it is suggested to the manager of the company to evaluate the dividend payout ratio according to the nature of the company and economical condition of the country. References: Baker, H.K. and Weigand, R., 2015. Corporate dividend policy revisited.Managerial Finance,41(2), pp.126-144. Barman, G.P., 2008. An evaluation of how dividend policies impact on the share value of selected companies. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Bradford, W., Chen, C. and Zhu, S., 2013. Cash dividend policy, corporate pyramids, and ownership structure: Evidence from China.International Review of Economics Finance,27, pp.445-464. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007.FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Breuer, W., Rieger, M.O. and Soypak, K.C., 2014. The behavioral foundations of corporate dividend policy a cross-country analysis.Journal of Banking Finance,42, pp.247-265. CORREIA, C. et al. 2013. FinancialManagement.7thEdition. Cape Town: Juta andCompany Ltd.2. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. DEEPTEE, P. and ROSHAN, B. 2009. Signaling Power of Dividends on firms futureProfits A Literature Review. Evergreen Energy- Interdisciplinary Journal, pp.1-9. FIRER, C. et al. 2012. FundamentalsofCorporateFinance.5thEdition.Berkshire.McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hillier, D., Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2011.Financial markets and corporate strategy. McGraw Hill. Masum, A.A., 2014. Dividend policy and its impact on stock priceA study on commercial banks listed in Dhaka stock exchange. Naser, K., Nuseibeh, R. and Rashed, W., 2013. Managers' perception of dividend policy: Evidence from companies listed on Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange.Issues in Business Management and Economics,1(1), pp.001-012. Shao, L., Kwok, C.C. and Guedhami, O., 2013. DIVIDEND POLICY: BALANCING SHAREHOLDERS'AND CREDITORS'INTERESTS.Journal of Financial Research,36(1), pp.43-66. STEEN, E. et al. 2012. stakeholder conflicts and dividend policy.JournalofBankingFinance, 36 pp. 2852-2864 Thanatawee, Y., 2013. Ownership structure and dividend policy: Evidence from Thailand. Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus. Tucker, J.W., 2011. Selection bias and econometric remedies in accounting and finance research. Zhang, D., 2012. Managerial dividend-paying incentives. Erasmus University Rotterdam.

Meth Paper Is Meth Water Soluble in the Body

Table of Contents Acute Physiological Effects of Meth’s Abuse Acute and Chronic Psychological Effects of Meth Conclusion Works Cited Meth is one of the most common existing psychoactive stimulants, whose abuse can lead to acute or chronic physiological and psychological problems. Medically, the drug is an important remedy to obesity, narcolepsy, and ADHD, although inmost cases most users abuse the drug, because of its pleasant effects, for example, increasing of sexual libido, alertness, and self-worth. Such effects result due to the ability of the drug to elevate the release of dopamine and serotonin quantities in its users’ brain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meth Paper: Is Meth Water Soluble in the Body? – Example Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Meth is whitish in colour, with no strong smell, and easily soluble in most solvents, for example, water forming a very bitter solut ion. The most common methods of its use include snorting the drug through the nose, using its solution in injection form, and smoking (National Institute of Health: NIH, p.1). The working of Meth depends on its ability to increase the quantity of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for passing of impulses to and from the brain. Other functions of dopamine neurotransmitter in the body include control of motor function, motivation, and control of common processes involved in the releases of pleasure. Because of the pleasure released by dopamine, in most cases users of this drug find it very hard to quit using it hence, leading to many physiological and psychological problems (National Institute of Health: NIH, p.1). Acute Physiological Effects of Meth’s Abuse Most chronic physiological effects resulting from overuse of Meth result because of its effects on the normal functioning of the brain, because of excessive release of dopamine. Overuse of Meth impairs the normal moto r coordination of the body’s parts hence, causing flaws in the body’s functioning. In addition, research finding show that, the drug has adverse effects on the brain sections associated with the control of emotionality and memory. On the other hand, physiological problems associated with Meth’s abuse result because of the drugs effect on the brain’s chemical and molecular balances. It is important to note that, most acute physiological problems of meth’s abuse may last for a very long time, after individuals quit using the drug (Richards, Derlet and Albertson, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In acute and chronic abuse cases, consumers will feel energised, a condition caused by increased heart rate. The primary acute physiological effects resulting from use of the drug include increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle weaknesses, chest pai ns, and abnormal sweating rates. In addition, the drug can cause respiratory depression, increased size of the eye pupils, queasiness, and impaired motor coordination. In addition, in uncontrolled abuse cases, most individuals may develop seizures, cardiovascular problems, coma, and in case most overdosed individual do not seek quick medical attention, likelihoods of death are high. On the other hand, most long terms users experiences memory lapse or loss problems, because the drug impairs the normal functioning of the brain; as concerns control of the body’s biological activities. Other medical researches have associated Methamphetamine with the rapid spread of the deadly infection HIV and AIDS and some strains of Hepatitis, because most Meth’s abusers prefer injections; a fact associated with their quick and fast spreading of Meth’s effects to other body parts (Richards, Derlet and Albertson, p.1) In addition, because of meth’s effect on the motor funct ioning of the body, in most cases most Meth users feel fatigued, experience unending body aches, muscle complications, and abnormal appetite level. Other acute physiological problems associated with Meth’s abuse include dizziness, constipation, pallor, cerebral edema, choreoathetiod movement disorder, renal problems, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmia. The drug also has physical-physiological manifestation symptoms on chronic users. That is, the drug makes individuals’ skins to look aged, a fact that medical researches attribute to malnutrition, poor health practises, and dental problems (resulting from the decaying effect of Meth) (Winslow, Voorhees, and Pehl, pp. 1169-1174) Acute and Chronic Psychological Effects of Meth Meth is one of the most addictive drugs hence, unless users take early precautions necessary for taming its abuse, likelihoods of serious psychological problems are high, which in many ways affect an individual’s normal life. In most prolon ged use cases, most individuals will experience some mental strain, caused by insomnia and increased alertness. Such extreme alertness levels can make most users to loose control of their lives hence, largely affecting their social life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meth Paper: Is Meth Water Soluble in the Body? – Example Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because, most long-term users are very irritable, aggressive, and always like to panic; hence, in most cases such users prefer to live in isolation. In addition, research findings on the psychological effects of the drug on long-term users also show that, there is a close correlation between psychosis and Meth, a fact attributed to the ability of the drug to cause paranoia. On the other hand, to chronic users, the drug can cause auditory and visual hallucinations, which can lead to heightened emotionality and obsessive behaviours in indiv iduals. Because of the addictive nature of the drug, any attempt to stop its usage can cause serious withdrawal problems, which can totally alter individuals’ behaviours, as most of them cannot manage withdrawal symptoms (Winslow, Voorhees, and Pehl, pp. 1169-1174). Conclusion In conclusion, meth is one of the most addictive drugs, with serious physiological and psychological complications hence, the need for individuals to watch their consumption habits. Because of the nature of emotional and physical trauma associated with the drug, it is advisable for users to seek early medical and psychological intervention or treatment. Common treatment remedies include cognitive-behavioural and contingence treatment interventions, there being no special medications to treat the addiction. Works Cited National Institute of Health. Methamphetamine. NIDA. 2010. Web. Richards, John, Derlet, Robert, and Albertson, Timothy. Toxicity, methamphetamine. Medscape: E-medicine, 2009. Web. Winslow, Bradford, Voorhees, Kenton, and Pehl, Katherine. Methamphetamine abuse. Am Farm Physician, 15; 76(8) (2007): 1196-1174. Web. This essay on Meth Paper: Is Meth Water Soluble in the Body? was written and submitted by user Silas Richards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Males Are Socialised Into Traditional Masculinities Essays

How Males Are Socialised Into Traditional Masculinities Essays How Males Are Socialised Into Traditional Masculinities Essay How Males Are Socialised Into Traditional Masculinities Essay Explain and briefly measure how males are socialised into traditional malenesss Hegemonic maleness describes the patriarchal on the job category males. those who have laboring or manual occupations. He has to be physically tough and dominant to asseverate his maleness. He is decidedly heterosexual. technically competent. is sexist and aggressive. Males are socialised into traditional malenesss by a assortment of socialization agents. The school is instrumental in the socialization of males into traditional hegemonic functions. Becky Francis ( 2000 ) found that. although they were more harshly disciplined than the misss. boys’ behavior was tolerated more by the instructors. This encourages the male childs to show the traditional malenesss. Capable pick is besides an of import factor in male socialization as they were traditionally gender biased. This was studied by Grafton in a comprehensive school in which he showed that there were merely a limited figure of arrangements available for those who wanted to analyze non-traditional topics for their gender. This reduces involvement in those topics and ushers males into the more traditional. trade topics. Males are canalized significance they are directed into playing with certain playthings and activities. For illustration. male childs may play football while the misss play house’ . While the instruction system is really of import in the socialization of males into traditional malenesss. the household is the chief socialization agent. Parents may promote and honor behavior that they deem appropriate and discourage that which they think is inappropriate. For illustration. parents may promote their girls to concentrate on their visual aspect and their boies to watch and back up athleticss. Besides. Oakley referred to the labels ( For illustration. princess’ and pretty’ for misss ; and brave soldier’ and strong’ for male childs ) as verbal denomination and says they teach the kids society’s outlooks. Children besides imitate their parents because they are their important others. They learn norms and values through this procedure. In add-on. kids learn of import messages about gender designation through frock up games where they pretend to be their function theoretical accounts. While it is assumed that parents are successful agents in the socialization of kids. non all grownups get the necessary accomplishments for fostering their kids. Palmer ( 2007 ) suggested that childhood socialization is non every bit effectual as it was in the yesteryear. He proposed that this is because parents no longer pass adequate quality clip with their kids and are trusting on electronic babysitters’ . like the telecasting. which produce a toxic ch ildhood’ . The equal group. on the other manus. consist of people of similar position who come into regular contact with one another ( for illustration. groups of friends and school kids in the same twelvemonth ) . It is and agent of secondary socialization and is arguably the most influential for immature people during adolescence. The equal group frequently impact gender-role socialization. Skelton and Francis ( 2003 ) . said that boys dominate resort area infinite playing football while misss are on the borders. skipping or speaking. This encourages boys into the traditional malenesss of noisy. laddish’ behavior. Frosh et Al ( 2002 ) said that male childs identified features such as hardness’ . keeping anti-school values and being clean as those to draw a bead on to. These were features of hegemonic nature that would give them popular position. He besides found that male childs wanted to do their heterosexualism really clear to avoid being teased or bullied. Judith Rich Harris ( 1998 ) said that male childs need to cognize which groups are popular. which are feared. and which are pitied. They need to understand what they can state and how they can move within their group. This shows that maleness has to be carefully negotiated as they can non afford to be excessively different. Each socialization agent can be criticised but they all have a function in the socialization of males into traditional malenesss but it seems they play their portion at different times in the male’s life. Family is the primary socialization agent which affects kids the most at a immature age. The equal group affects males in their adolescence and can frequently be more influential to the males than instruction and household at this clip.

5 Cases of Erroneous Usage

5 Cases of Erroneous Usage 5 Cases of Erroneous Usage 5 Cases of Erroneous Usage By Mark Nichol Writers who have misheard words and expressions or remember them imperfectly are prone to misrepresenting them in their prose. The following sentences include examples of such errors, followed by discussion and revision. 1. Trustees- jail inmates selected for jobs like food preparation and garbage collection- were sneaking drugs in on food trays. A trustee is a person or organization that manages money or property for someone else or a person who serves on a board. The appropriate term in this sentence is the plural of the noun trusty: â€Å"Trusties- jail inmates selected for jobs like food preparation and garbage collection- were sneaking drugs in on food trays.† 2. Her tongue-and-cheek  comment was inappropriate for the occasion. A writer unfamiliar with the idiomatic phrase denoting irony, insincerity, or whimsy has mistaken one of the words in the phrase for another: â€Å"Her tongue-in-cheek  comment was inappropriate for the occasion.† 3. The galley on this sailboat looks as if it could be a kitchen in a home in a housing track. Here, a writer has presumably misheard the term tract- referring in this context to a housing development, as track- and is unaware of the distinction: â€Å"The galley on this sailboat looks as if it could be a kitchen in a home in a housing tract.† 4. In this type of story, the hero undergoes a right of passage. This sentence refers to a ritual, not something one is entitled to: â€Å"In this type of story, the hero undergoes a rite of passage.† 5. Smith has a Masters of education and spent several decades as a schoolteacher. Masters is the plural form of master. Master’s is the possessive form, which is what is appropriate here. Also, though it is implicit that degree is what â€Å"belongs† to the master, it’s best to include the word and to use the pertinent preposition: â€Å"Smith has a master’s degree in education and spent several decades as a schoolteacher.† (Also, as shown in the revision, a word denoting a level of degree is not capitalized.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Usage Review category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowComma Before ButUsing "zeitgeist" Coherently

Value of scientific process Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value of scientific process - Term Paper Example After analyzing and observing the theory from an external perspective, the scientist can then formulate a hypothesis in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. In the process of formulating a hypothesis, the scientist must also predict a logical and reasonable conclusion for the theory he formulated. In the scientific method observation plays a role in the derivation of the theory and in analytical part of the experiment. The different observation by two different scientists should be comparable as humans have both subjective and qualitative senses which make them difficult for comparison. Observation also implements other parameters such as measurement. This is the comparison of a certain observation with a standard value (‘Introduction to the Scientific Method’, n.d). Human senses which are utilized during the observation process are subject to error. Instruments have been created to minimize the margin for error and as technology advances, so are the different instrume nts used. They also allow for the improvement of accuracy during observation. Observation at times comes into play when observation affects the actual experiment and causes a deviation in the final results. The results obtained are also influenced by many different factors. These factors are referred to as paradoxes. This occurs when a similar event illustrates different conclusions depending on the viewpoint of the scientist. Observations are also subject to biasness as the complex process by which human senses observe and perceive data is determined by internal neural mechanisms that are built up throughout our lives and to a certain extent, beyond our conscious control. The different types of biasness include, confirmation, which refers to a scientist observing only the expected outcome and not the actual results. Others are processing bias, which involves the processing of data before it is actually observed. This usually occurs in computer based experiments. Observational bias refers to the subjection of the observer to the ‘street light effect’, when scientists also observe places which they presume will provide them with results (Freedman, 2010). However, they could end up omitting or neglecting vital aspects of the experiment. Prediction refers to the act of foretelling the outcomes of a particular experiment. For this purpose, research is usually conducted for theories that possess logical outcomes. The prediction helps to provide a guideline for the experiment. However, this also has a negative side as, scientists’ mode of observation maybe biased. Predictions also help to establish the probable outcome using hypothetical values and a certain framework. When making predictions, they must be based on a scientific theory. A common example of formulating a good prediction can be witness in the work of J.J Thomson (Shuttleworth, 2009). Prior to completing an experiment and attaining results that coincided with his prediction, he would proceed to create another prediction on the next stage of the research. This would allow him to expand on his research and make new discoveries. Physics is largely involved with the prediction part of the scientific method. Theorists such as Albert Einstein utilized mathematical

Research log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research log - Essay Example However, as I went on to review the research, I was able to establish the highlights and the major aspects of the issue which were meant to make me understand the events as they unfolded. I was able to learn the extent of the animosity felt by terrorist groups against the US and how these feelings stemmed mostly from the US foreign policies in the Middle East and in developing nations. I was also able to learn how these US foreign policies have been viewed by many Middle Eastern nations as purely economically based and more to the point – oil-based. In the first few days of the research process, I was able to enhance my organizational research skills. Before the research, I did not have an organized way of carrying out research or in carrying out any of my academic tasks. I actually often ended up repeating myself or doing things twice because I did not have good organizational skills. However, as I was going through the process of research, I was forced to come up with a logi cal and orderly system in gathering data and in sorting out the data that I was able to gather. In so doing, I knew where to get the information I needed and which part of the research they would be placed. I was also able to establish the information I still needed to research and what type of information I needed. I believe that the part of the research which was well organized and well done for me was the third chapter because the materials and information were well organized and logically flowed from one idea to the next. I believe that that part of the research process was able to highlight my strengths as a researcher and as a student. However, there were also some challenging and difficult parts of the research process for me. It was very challenging for me to gain an objective and well-rounded information about the topic. There are different sources of information about the topic and I tried my best to sift through these in order to come up with the best and the most objecti ve sources of data. When I was about to finish the research and data gathering process, I was more or less ready to plan and to write the initial chapters of the paper. In order for me to make a good start however on the paper, I was planning to read the â€Å"Unholy wars: Afghanistan, America and international terrorism† by Cooley and â€Å"Fighting suicide bombing: a worldwide campaign for life† by Cherny. In order to successfully write the first chapter, I was called on to spend much time in researching about the 9/11 attacks itself. The areas of my research for this week included the assessment of the different events leading up to the 9/11 attacks and the immediate aftermath thereof. I found out that there were possible signs which indicated a possible attack on US soil, however no definitive threat was seen and was considered an immediate threat to the US and its inhabitants and territories. In order to ensure a good understanding of the subject matter, I highlig hted the importance of gaining balanced and objective research materials. I used both library searches through books and journals in order to facilitate data gathering. I also used the internet to search for possible recommended materials relevant to my research. Before I started with the research proc

Seeds in Hard Ground Essay Example for Free

Seeds in Hard Ground Essay Ruth Rosenberg’s article, â€Å"Seeds in Hard Ground: Black Girlhood in The Bluest Eye,† offers a paradigm with which to view the growing-up process portrayed by Toni Morrison in her novel, The Bluest Eye. According to Rosenberg, Morrison’s novel is a landmark in literature because she has succeeded in portraying young, black American girls on their road to womanhood. Before her, no documented case in literature has been recorded that featured these girls in the center stage. Always, Rosenberg quotes Morrison, these girls were the props, set as part of the background, the moving scenery (436). More interestingly, however, it is Rosenberg’s treatment and reading of â€Å"colorism† in the novel that calls for attention (439). Colorism is akin to racism, where division and segregation is based on the color of one’s skin. Color, in fact, plays a crucial and central role in the novel, stealthily moving beyond the question of one’s skin. The most important transition of colorism is in Pecola’s wish to have blue eyes. She absurdly believes that possessing such would render her lovable, thereby eliminating pain from her world: If those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different†¦Maybe they’d say, â€Å"Why look at pretty-eyed Pecola. We mustn’t do bad things in front of those pretty eyes. † †¦ Each night, without fail, she prayed for blue eyes. Fervently, for a year she had prayed. Although somewhat discouraged, she was not without hope. (Morrison 40) The longing for blue eyes were eventually destructive for Pecola as her desire for possessing the bluest eyes symbolize her own blindness – and it is this blindness, rather than her skin color, that eventually brings about her insanity and downfall. Pecola’s case is not isolated. The characters that people the novel, themselves perpetrators and victims of colorism, also exhibit their own â€Å"blindness. † Eyes, looking, and gazing all become important symbols in the novel. Despite being able to see, the characters are oftentimes blinded by colorism. As such, the novel underscores a very important theme: the great divide between superficial looking and deeper seeing. For Morrison, the more important way of seeing is painfully missing in the novel, leading to drastic and disastrous consequences. Inside Pecola’s shoe she hides her treasure: three pennies to get her nine Mary Janes. Inside the store, she encounters Mr. Yacobowski, who â€Å"urges his eyes out of his thoughts to encounter her (Morrison 41). † He has blue eyes that are blear-dropped, which he focuses on Pecola as he â€Å"looms up over the counter (Morrison 41). † But Somewhere between retina and object, between vision and view, his eyes draw back, hesitate, and hover. At some fixed point in time and space he senses that he need not waste the effort of a glance. He does not see her, because for him there is nothing to see. How can a fifty-two-year-old white immigrant†¦see a little black girl? (Morrison 42) Pecola immediately recognizes the storekeeper’s stare as â€Å"the total absence of human recognition the glazed separateness. this vacuum is not new to her. She has seen it lurking in the eyes of all white people†¦ (Morrison 42). With the stare Pecola is shamed and angered. Yet, it is not only Pecola’s desire for blue eyes or the white people’s vacant stares that stand for the blindness plaguing the characters caught in the grips of colorism. Consider the case of Maureen Peal, â€Å"the high yellow dream child with long brown hair braided into two lynch ropes that hung down her back (Morrison 52). † Such a description juxtaposes the vicious power that comes with her pretty face. Claudia is at the receiving end, as Maureen often gazes at her with â€Å"unearned haughtiness in her eyes (Morrison 54). † In knowing that she is prettier because she is whiter than the rest, Maureen condescends to them, seeing only their darker skin and eliminating them immediately as people lower than her. In the end, it is only Soaphead Church who listens with sympathy to Pecola’s pleas. He is the only one who sees through the curse of blindness by realizing that Pecola’s wish was â€Å"the most poignant and the one [wish] most deserving of fulfillment. A little black girl who wanted to rise up out of pit of her blackness and see the world with blue eyes (137). † But the price for this was heavy – for only she could see her eyes. Her frustration and disillusion sends her into a downward spiral, from which her friends cannot pull her out of. At the cost of her life, she gained the eyes she wanted. Works Cited Rosenberg, Ruth. â€Å"Seeds in Hard Ground: Black Girlhood in The Bluest Eye. † Black American Literature Forum 21. 4 (1987). 435-445. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Washington Square Press, 1970.

Essay example --

BUSINESS MODEL The business model of an organization is its means of earning revenues and recovering costs. It is the mode of value creation, value delivery and value capture followed by the organization. Its essence is the value proposition to consumers that allows the company to make money from its business. The Fast Retailing Group is a holding company with specialty retailer UNIQLO as its mainstay operation. The SPA business model (Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) of core UNIQLO operations is the key to its rapid growth and profitability, integrating and controlling all stages of the supply process, from product planning, through design and manufacture, inventory control and production adjustment, to distribution, marketing and final sales. UNIQLO’s business model enables it to balance relatively low price of its products with high quality. This relative product value is unparalleled even by the world’s leading apparel retailers, offering world-class quality clothing in world-class quality stores. By continuously refining its SPA model, UNIQLO differentiates itself with its unique, original products and low costs. Its consolidated supply chain facilitates quick alteration in production, rapid response to changes in the sales environment, and minimizes store-operation costs. UNIQLO’s business model also upturned the trend with large-scale stores in the apparel industry. Typically, with increase in sales floor area, sales and profitability per square meter decreases. However, UNIQLO is able to promote sales and reduce costs with its rich product mix, particularly for women. Rivals like Zara and H&M offer latest fashions to the masses, entailing multiple ordering of new lines to match the ongoing ‘fast-fash... ...REAMS: The Company’s sales revenue results from sale of merchandise to customers. Marginal revenue also comes from leasing of real estate. KEY RESOURCES: Management, Infrastructure (financial resources, Group know-how, etc.), Personnel, Foreign (avail of manufacturing capacity and marketing capabilities through strategic alliances). KEY ACTIVITIES: M&A activities, CSR activities, Overseas activities, Monitoring activities, UNIQLO Japan. KEY PARTNERSHIPS: †¢ Partner factories in China, †¢ Partnerships with material manufacturers, †¢ Strategic partnership between TORAY and UNIQLO since June 2006, resulting in successful product innovation, HEATTECH, †¢ Feb 2011: Global Partnership Agreement with UNHCR COST STRUCTURE: Purchasing costs, Store-operation costs (personnel costs and rent), Promotional costs, Procurement costs, Acquisition costs, Costs of opening new stores. Essay example -- BUSINESS MODEL The business model of an organization is its means of earning revenues and recovering costs. It is the mode of value creation, value delivery and value capture followed by the organization. Its essence is the value proposition to consumers that allows the company to make money from its business. The Fast Retailing Group is a holding company with specialty retailer UNIQLO as its mainstay operation. The SPA business model (Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) of core UNIQLO operations is the key to its rapid growth and profitability, integrating and controlling all stages of the supply process, from product planning, through design and manufacture, inventory control and production adjustment, to distribution, marketing and final sales. UNIQLO’s business model enables it to balance relatively low price of its products with high quality. This relative product value is unparalleled even by the world’s leading apparel retailers, offering world-class quality clothing in world-class quality stores. By continuously refining its SPA model, UNIQLO differentiates itself with its unique, original products and low costs. Its consolidated supply chain facilitates quick alteration in production, rapid response to changes in the sales environment, and minimizes store-operation costs. UNIQLO’s business model also upturned the trend with large-scale stores in the apparel industry. Typically, with increase in sales floor area, sales and profitability per square meter decreases. However, UNIQLO is able to promote sales and reduce costs with its rich product mix, particularly for women. Rivals like Zara and H&M offer latest fashions to the masses, entailing multiple ordering of new lines to match the ongoing ‘fast-fash... ...REAMS: The Company’s sales revenue results from sale of merchandise to customers. Marginal revenue also comes from leasing of real estate. KEY RESOURCES: Management, Infrastructure (financial resources, Group know-how, etc.), Personnel, Foreign (avail of manufacturing capacity and marketing capabilities through strategic alliances). KEY ACTIVITIES: M&A activities, CSR activities, Overseas activities, Monitoring activities, UNIQLO Japan. KEY PARTNERSHIPS: †¢ Partner factories in China, †¢ Partnerships with material manufacturers, †¢ Strategic partnership between TORAY and UNIQLO since June 2006, resulting in successful product innovation, HEATTECH, †¢ Feb 2011: Global Partnership Agreement with UNHCR COST STRUCTURE: Purchasing costs, Store-operation costs (personnel costs and rent), Promotional costs, Procurement costs, Acquisition costs, Costs of opening new stores.

Gulliver’s Travels Essay

Swift wrote ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ to be read by the literate higher classes of the British society, he did this because he hoped that the higher class people would have the higher ranked jobs in the government and could change Britain. In chapter 6 Gulliver gave a long detailed, description of Britain’s History and the way in which it had been ruled in Swift’s time, the king was ‘perfectly astonished with the historical account’ Gulliver gave him. The king tried to protest that the affairs of Britain during the last century were ‘only a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, banishments, faction, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred or ambition could produce. ‘ All of these are negative points about England which clearly shows Swift’s dislike of the country. Swift uses the King’s response to make his point even clearer; this allows Swift to show his disgust of British society without stating that he himself said it; this offended many people. Another aspect of British society which Swift was very interested in was the physical human body and its functions. The public in the 18th century found the human body embarrassing, including things such as sanitation, which is perhaps why swift satirised it to show his unusual, for his time, interest in such things. Swift however was disgusted by bodily functions and he showed his disgust by using the differences for Gulliver in Lilliput and Brobdingnag. In Lilliput, where Gulliver was the large person, the empress was disgusted when she looked up at Gulliver walking over her but in Brobdingnag Gulliver was in horror with the maids breastfeeding the child, ‘I must confess no ever object ever disgusted me so much as the sight of her monstrous breast’ and ‘It stood six feet, and could not be less than sixteen in circumference. The nipple was about the half the bigness of my head. ‘ These are both examples of Swift’s hatred for human body parts because both of the descriptions for them are all negative. A second example of Swift’s interest in bodily functions is in Lilliput when Gulliver urinates on the Empress’ palace to save her from the fire, the ironic thing about this is that although Gulliver saved the Empress’ life from the fire he was later banished from the country for displaying such an act in front of the Empress. This is perhaps another satirical point from Swift mocking the English culture, maybe Swift feels like it’s unfair that even if you do something heroic, such as saving a royal family member, you can be convicted because of the method you used. Swift also satirises women and how vain they were, such as Chapter 5 in Brobdingnag ‘They would often strip me naked and lay me at full length in their bosoms; wherewith I was much disgusted; because, to say the truth, a very offensive smell came from their skins’ This is an example of Swift suggesting that women of his time were an illusion of physical beauty and that they weren’t as beautiful as was thought. Swift suggests that people often smelt hence why they used perfumes to cover the smell. Swift later states ‘I found their natural smell was much more supportable than when they used perfumes’, Swift was disgusted with how vain women were by using perfumes to try to impress the males, He could also be satirising how men wanted women to act like this. 18th century England was very different compared with modern day fashions, in the 18th century women tended to cover skin more compared to now where the fashion is to show as much skin as possible. So when Swift wrote in chapter 5 about the maids ‘stripping to the skin’ while Gulliver was in their presence, this would have been a preposterous thought for people of the 18th century even more than it would be now. Swift loved to satirise this because it was something that fascinated, it also makes us laugh in a childish way and would therefore keep us reading. From reading â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† it is clear that Swift had a very strong dislike of the culture and government of Britain and showed his disgust by satirising them using literature. Satire is a rude way of getting your point across often ridiculing something and will offend many people. When Swift wrote ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ he said ‘he wanted to vex the world and intended to make people angry by holding a mirror up to English society’. Swift wrote ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ as a satirical book but wasn’t sure how the British public would take it, so he first published it under the name Lemuel Gulliver, which makes it sound even more like a travelogue. Swift using Lilliput and Brobdingnag ridiculed Britain and offended the majority of the population, so when the public found out that Swift was the author of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’, he felt he could no longer work in Britain, so he left the country and went to live in Ireland. Bibliography – ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ by Jonathan Swift Word Count: 2,247 Ben Dewsnip 19th May 08 10co Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  GCSE Jonathan Swift  section.

The Ideals of Fdr

FDR: The Great American President Jacob WagmanProfessor Christy ChapinHIST102Due: 25OCT12 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is easily the best president of his era. He had the single best approach to the economic problems and social problems that followed the economic problems of the time. Many people would say that he couldn’t make decisions for himself because of how he was constantly changing his ideas but in truth, his plan was to do whatever it took to work and he was going to make something work. In case it was not known, FDR was a fighter. He never gave up on the USA or stepped down even after being stricken by polio.A lot of his ideas came from his â€Å"brain trust† which was comprised of many advisors of all different back rounds and political beliefs. He was constantly keeping the American people informed with the state of the government and economy through a new invention popularly known as the radio. He would go out of his way to help the banks and would do anythin g to dig the US out of the pit that Hoover had dug and did nothing really to dig them out other than laying the foundation for FDR to bring America back from the brink of complete collapse.Using the foundation laid by Hoover many Administrations, Acts, and even some Corporations were put in place and somewhere welcomed and others weren’t, but FDR took all of the success and failures and made sure it worked out for the American people and the world when WWII came around. His foreign policy in WWII was very much respected and still is today because FDR would not let the crimes of others go unpunished. All in all everything FDR did was for the best of this country and the way he handled WWII both domestically and overseas.When FDR was elected into office he was left with quite a mess left by Herbert Hoover, but Hoover had left a very nice foundation to start FDR’s famous â€Å"New Deal. † Programs during this time focused on trying very hard to help bring the US ou t of the Great Depression by working on reform, recovery, and relief efforts. Many of the programs put together by FDR came from his â€Å"brain trust† which was FDR’s circle of advisors which ranged from democrats to republicans and even to progressives. This is why it seemed like his ideals were always changing because he was trying to here from verybody to see which would work best to pull the US out of the muck. He started with starting a bank holiday in which every bank in the US was forced to close so that government officials could come into each of the banks and decide if the banks were suited to re-open for public use. In order to guarantee the money people put into the bank for safe keeping, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created and this gained the public’s usage of the banks again because they could not possibly lose their money because of a bank failing because the government backed up the money 100%.The Securities and Exchange Commission Act was also implemented to regulate the stock market so that another stock market crash could be avoided. Many people disagreed with these economic policies but if they were alive they could see that these two government sectors are still in use today because of how effective they have been throughout the years. FDR’s next goal was to provide jobs for all the people who were unemployed, which was about 25% of the entire population.Programs to fix this problem were such like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired young adults around 18 to plants tress and help the National Parks, the Public Works Administration (PWA), which contracted with private businesses to build roads, schools, hospitals, and other government-esc buildings, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TWA), which was set up to build dams along the Tennessee River, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was an administration that directly hired people and also white collar workers s uch as teachers and nurses, and they also trained unskilled workers so they could perform specific tasks.Looking back nobody could even argue with these programs because it provided thousands of jobs for the unemployed which did much more good than bad. There was some controversy over the TWA forcing people out of their houses but it was for the good of the entire Tennessee River Valley so it was more necessary than anything. ,Many programs were welcomed with open arms like the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) which tried to lower the foreclosure rate and made more long term mortgage loans that made owning a house more possible, but there were programs like the National Recovery Administration (NRA) which wanted to eliminate competition so all businesses could thrive, but it ailed very oorly because the little businesses were still eaten alive by the bigger companies, and another unpopular program was the Resettlement Administration (aka Federal Security Administration), tried t o make farming more like the USSR in which farming was more collective and controlled by the government but the program was met by much resistance both from Farmer’s and the Chamber of Commerce.But if it had not been for these failure than FDR would not have been able to come up with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which was the government paying farmers not to produce so that the goods on the market could be purchased at a slightly higher price to attempt to stimulate the economy. At first the Supreme Court shot down the AAA, but it was later brought back by congress in 1938 because it actually helped farmers and made them happy.During the start of WWII when it was strictly in Europe and China, the USA became extremely isolationist to the point where they even pulled out of Haiti and Nicaragua so that they were involved in as little foreign conflict as possible. The USA even refused to sell weapons to Great Britain and France because they didn’t want to risk getting pulled into another World War again. While the war kept going on the USA passed acts such as the Neutrality Acts which banned US citizens from traveling on ships from foreign nations that were in war with another country and they banned selling weapons to foreign nations.FDR pleaded with congress to allow the USA to at least attempt to assist the allies fighting in Europe because they were just that, the USA’s allies. But congress kept turning down FDRs pleas for help until he managed to convince congress to allow for the first Military draft and for the US to start building and selling arms to the Allied powers. This was when FDR decided to run for a 3rd term which he won by a landslide because people saw how he had started to help the economy grow bit by bit. In 1941, FDR got the Lend-Lease act to be approved.The Lend-Lease Act made it possible for the US to fully help the Allies by giving them arms and munitions. In order to provide these items for the All ies more jobs had to be created to produce the weapons and so thousands of jobs were created which helped the economy out that much more. The Lend-Lease Act also stopped all trade with Japan in an attempt to discourage them from continuing the atrocities they were committing over in China. This unfortunately provoked Japan into launching a preemptive strike on Pearl Harbor where over 2000 service men lost their lives and about 200 aircrafts were destroyed and 18 naval ships were lost.FDR immediately requested a declaration of war in his famous address to congress in which he quoted the attack on Pearl Harbor as â€Å"a day that will live in infamy. † FDR’s policy on isolationism and then all-out war is an extremely well thought out strategy considering the position the US was in. He wanted to help GB and France desperately but Congress wouldn’t help him at all. But he pushed and pushed till he finally succeeds and ultimately, helped the Allies push to victory an d overcome the most outstanding odds against them.Franklin Delano Roosevelt is not only one of the best Presidents the USA has ever had, but he also had some of the most ingenious ideals for how to fix the economic crisis the US has ever faced, and then later one of the worst crisis the world has ever faced in World War Two. His plans or creating jobs worked unlike those of Hoover, and even though some of his programs failed, he learned from the failures only to make the successful programs even more helpful and long lasting for the US.To top his economic policies, his policies on World War Two were even better because he found a way to stay isolationist at the beginning where he could still make jobs by avoiding the war and then joining the war when it was absolutely crucial the US did, which ultimately ended up pulling the USA out of the Great Depression even if he were not alive to see them win the war and there to see the Great Depression end due to all the good he did for the U SA. Nobody can argue that his ideals and policies were anything shy of some of the best of any president.

Hypocorisma

Hypocorisma Hypocorisma Hypocorisma By Maeve Maddox When Dick Cheney said, â€Å"We’re in deep doo-doo,† he was expressing himself with hypocorisma. Hypocorisma is a type of euphemism derived from a Greek word meaning â€Å"pet name.† The English word hypocorism may be defined as â€Å"the diminutive or otherwise altered version of a given name.† Sometimes the original name is clear in the hypocorism: Johnny < John Chris < Christopher Millie < Millicent Pat, Patty Sometimes the hypocorism differs from the original name: Kit < Christopher Hal < Henry Ned < Edward Meg, Peggy < Margaret Molly, Polly Hypocorisma also applies to the diminutives of ordinary words like television and â€Å"nursery words†: words used by adults in speaking to young children. Here are examples of diminutives of ordinary words often used by adults: telly < television undies < underwear hanky < handkerchief comfy < comfortable Here are some typical nursery words. Several are euphemisms. Several are completely different in appearance from the words they represent: doggy, bow-wow for dog horsey, gee-gee for horse choo-choo for train pee-pee, wee-wee, number one for urine doo-doo, poo-poo, poop, number two for feces grown-up for adult scaredy-cat for easily frightened person The use of diminutives and pet names is usually an indication of affection or intimacy, but sometimes hypocorisma is used to diminish, infantilize, or insult. For example, the same words used as endearments by family members and close friends are seen as insulting when they come from strangers. Some people don’t seem to mind being called honey, sweetie, or babe by store clerks or other service personnel, but others feel emotions ranging from annoyance to fury: I have walked out of restaurants after being called honey [or] babe. Dear Abby said it is sexual harassment. I HATE being called honey. Newington police arrested a man they said became angry when a store clerk called him honey and then punched her in the face. A friendly â€Å"Hon† to frequent customers in a local restaurant is one thing, but in the workplace in general, employees, customers, and healthcare workers would be wise to avoid terms of endearment, especially when dealing with a segment of the population that is bombarded with such empty endearments. People in their seventies and above are so often addressed in nursery language that researchers have a word for this type of hypocorisma: elderspeak. According to Becca Levy, an associate professor of epidemiology and psychology at Yale University, the way elderly people are talked to affects their health. A University of Kansas study of the effects of elderspeak on people suffering from mild to moderate dementia found that when staff spoke to patients as if they were children, saying such things as â€Å"Good girl!† and â€Å"How are we feeling?† the patients were more aggressive and less receptive than if they were spoken to adult-to-adult. The study concluded that elderspeak sends a message that the patient is incompetent and â€Å"begins a negative downward spiral for older persons, who react with decreased self-esteem, depression, withdrawal and the assumption of dependent behaviors.† Words matter. So does context. Terms of endearment are probably best reserved for the people we hold dear. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†English Grammar 101: Prepositions

The Elusive Ellipsis

The Elusive Ellipsis The Elusive Ellipsis The Elusive Ellipsis By Sharon The ellipsis seems to be one of the most alluring punctuation symbols, and I see it misused everywhere. From student papers to billboards to everyday e-mails and chat logs, the ellipsis is tossed in willy-nilly and often extends to four, five, or even six dots. I have to tell you, an extended ellipsis is just a bunch of dots. The ellipsis- three consecutive dots- serves some specific purposes in writing. If used correctly, an ellipsis can be quite effective, if not, it can be downright confusing. Some of the right ways to use an ellipsis include (see that, it works!): 1. The intentional omission of words All employers must honor the minimum wage requirement. The original sentence read: All employers must honor the minimum wage requirement or risk paying a fine. 2. A pause in speech â€Å"I think I just got an interview!† 3. An unfinished thought Now, where on earth did I put that? 4. A sentence that trails into silence I thought you might say that. Pay special attention to an ellipsis that ends a sentence. It is the only time you should include four dots since the final dot serves as the period at the end of the sentence. Stay tuned for a post about the correct use of the ellipsis in quoted sentences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherItalicizing Foreign WordsThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

The North Korean nuclear program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The North Korean nuclear program - Essay Example The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is an integral part of UN charter having primary responsibility of doing efforts towards maintaining international peace and security. The charter requires that a representative of each of its members must be present all the time at the UN headquarters. These representatives echo the viewpoints of the respective governments and help in smooth functioning of the Security Council. In one such meeting on 14th October 2006, the UNSC passed this resolution asking the North Korean government not to go ahead with its nuclear program. The resolution is in continuation with its previous relevant resolutions, including resolution 825 (1993), resolution 1540 (2004) and, in particular, resolution 1695 (2006), as well as the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41) seeks to reaffirm that proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological arsenal constitutes grave threat for the safety and security of the world peace. UN security counc il expressed grave concern on the claim made by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and expressed apprehension that this development might lead to further tension in the region. While announcing the successful conduct of the nuclear test, North Korean government also announced its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution expressly demanded that;ï‚ §Ã‚  North Korea must desist from conducting any further nuclear tests or launching any ballistic missile.... These representatives echo the viewpoints of the respective governments and help in smooth functioning of the Security Council. In one such meeting on 14th October 2006, the UNSC passed this resolution asking the North Korean government not to go ahead with its nuclear program. The resolution is in continuation with its previous relevant resolutions, including resolution 825 (1993), resolution 1540 (2004) and, in particular, resolution 1695 (2006), as well as the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41) seeks to reaffirm that proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological arsenal constitutes grave threat for the safety and security of the world peace. UN security council expressed grave concern on the claim made by Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and expressed apprehension that this development might lead to further tension in the region. While announcing the successful conduct of the nuclear test, North Korean government also announced its withdr awal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution expressly demanded that; North Korea must desist from conducting any further nuclear tests or launching any ballistic missile. DPRK must express its return to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, North Korean government must eliminate its nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles program. The government of DPRK must allow the international community and concerned UN organisations to inspect all cargo moving in or out of the country. This is purportedly considered necessary to check illegal transportation of

Evaluating an international human resource strategy Essay

Evaluating an international human resource strategy - Essay Example The balanced score card of Tesco indicates areas like customer perspective, motivation and community service which needs to be stressed even more to enhance customer shopping experience. Tesco should look at improving customer experience through proper innovation, reducing carbon emission and improved training and development. Each of the above factors presents an opportunity for Tesco at improving their customer service. The strategy map of Tesco indicates areas where it can improve the communication lines between the factors for effective implementation of strategy. For Tesco to continue to be the leader in UK retail and grocery segment, it needs to invest in the above areas and proper up gradation of all their objectives with change in time. Tesco plc is a general merchandise and multinational grocery retailer based in England, United Kingdom. Presently it is the second largest retailer in the world in terms of profits after Walmart and third largest in the world with respect to revenues after Walmart and Carrefour. The core purpose of Tesco is that they make what matters better together. Tesco has a team of over 5, 30,000 people in 12 markets which are dedicated in bringing the best choice, value and service to their millions of customer each week. Despite being in a highly competitive market they have established strategies which reflect their priorities as the business grows and the needs of the customers change. Tesco uses their balanced scorecard, the Steering Wheel, to manage and measure their business performance. This report will discuss about the balanced scorecard and Strategy map of Tesco. Tesco has clearly defined Vision which helps them to guide their business direction. Their business guides their direction and the decisions they take as an organisation. The company is centred on colleagues and customers

ASPECT OF COMPLIANCE TO TREATMENT IN RELATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE Essay

ASPECT OF COMPLIANCE TO TREATMENT IN RELATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES - Essay Example The present era witnesses a great deal of stress in every aspect of life. This results in increased incidence of hypertension, or cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Stress also induces dyslipidaemia and diabetes. Research and various clinical findings formulate that appropriate treatment is essential to decrease the incidence of morbidity and mortality happening due to all these ailments. It is essential to understand that all these conditions require lifelong treatment. Compliance with medicine is most essential to procure health benefits and to curtail the forthcoming consequences in terms of economic burden, wastage of time and money and other associated diseases with these ailments (Putzer, 2004). The present era witness a remarkable mount in occurrence and pervasiveness of type 2 diabetes in both pediatric and adult groups due to outbreak of overweight resulting in obesity, sedentary life style, resistance towards insulin and other metabolic conditions. It is therefore imperative to screen patients who show high-risk for diabetes and pre-diabetes. This step not only ensures on time diagnosis and exact classification but also ensures rapid onset of treatment and hence decreased risk for complications (Putzer, 2004). In order to avoid these complications it is essential that lifestyle modifications encompassing, modifications in diet, loss of weight and an appropriate schedule of physical exercise to sustain glycemic control. When these interventions fail then oral anti-diabetic agents are added as a part of regimen. It is established that type 2 diabetes cases require insulin therapy. When insulin or its analog is administered, there is a decrease in hypoglycemia. In severe cases when oral agents are also not able to procure enough control over the glycemic index, insulin therapy is given (Putzer, 2004). The situation

Procurement Purchasing Supplier

Procurement Purchasing Supplier After having investigated briefly in general the concept of procurement and the emergence of the concept of procurement , it is imperative for us in this chapter to delve in detail the analysis of the concept of procurement , the various theories which have been predicated at the international level and their relevance for our study under investigation . We would also have to critically scrutinise how the different models of procurement effectiveness measurements can help us in our analysis to delve in greater detail the relevance of procurement from the perspective of SOM . It is important that we have to undertake a holistic approach in the investigation of procurement practices and procurement effectiveness in our literature Review chapter for this forms the foundation of our secondary research. Our primary research which would be delved in detail in the subsequent chapters would be further developed on the strong foundations of this chapter. In the final analysis we would be util ising in adequate measure the concepts from the secondary research as they develop in this chapter and couple it with our derivations from primary research to gain a greater in-depth understanding of procurement practices in Shell Oman and hypothesize relevant recommendations and remedial solutions for bringing about effective changes in the present operational systems at SOM Definition of Procurement Relevance : it is important for our study to understand clearly the meaning and exact phraseology behind procurement for the purposes of investigation of procurement practices in SOM . Since Procurement is an extremely broad concept which has applicability from strategic , operations and tactical level , various definitions would have to be looked into and strategically decipher their level of applicability for our purpose of investigation . Procurement, purchasing, and supplier management are all terms used extensively. They may mean the same or sometimes may have significant differences. Since the term procurement covers many areas, from operational to strategic levels, Knudsen (1999) has summarized the different terms, used for acquiring good and services in the following table. Level Term Meaning Strategic Supply Management To be aware of the strategic impact of procurement and fully exploit it by formulating a supply strategy Tactical Procurement To satisfy internal demands with external sources which adhere to objectives set at the strategic level Operational Purchasing The minimum activities required to obtain external products or services that result in invoice from an external source Timo et al (2005), argued in their document, the quantitative definition of purchasing is not accurate and suggest to a broader scope of purchasing, adding pensions, other personnel costs, financial expenses and increase in assets within the scope. They define Purchasing as: â€Å"Invoices or payments based on exchange of physical objects, services or rights†. There are two basic types of purchasing in the business world: (1) Purchasing for resale and (2) purchasing for consumption or conversion (Dobler and Burt, 1996). Purchasing for resale is performed primarily by merchants. Industrial buyers buy materials, services etc. for manufacturing companies, service business, institutions, utilities, and various government agencies. Other definitions of Procurement are as follows: Procurement is the acquisition of systems, goods or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quantity, at the right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of the governments, corporations, or individuals generally via, but not limited to a contract. (Project Management Body of Knowledge, 2000) Procurement is the process of acquiring goods, works and services, covering both acquisition from third parties and from in-house providers. The process spans the whole life from identification of need, through to the end of a service contract or the end of the useful life of an asset. It involves options appraisal and the critical â€Å"make or buy† decision which may result in the provision of services in-house in appropriate circumstances. (The Procurement process The Buyers Magazine, 2000). In the context of a procurement process, obtaining â€Å"best value for money† means choosing the bid that offers â€Å"the optimum combination of whole life cost and benefits to meet the customers requirement†.† (National Procurement Strategy for Local Government in England, 2003) The Importance of Procurement Relevance : The importance of procurement in the changing face of corporate scenario of today is all the more important as there is a greater strategic interface between the procurement department and the other key departments within functional global corporate entities . In this regard the study of importance of procurement as a terminology would help us in understanding and appreciating the strategic shift in focus of procurement operations from tactical to a crucial strategic level . This would help us in highlighting the importance of procurement practices in organisations such as SOM under investigation Many authors wrote about the importance of procurement function in todays organization and how it can impact the bottom line. Different terms are used in the literature, Procurement, Purchasing or Supply management but they all apply to the process of acquiring goods and services for the business, which account for a huge corporate expenditure. The following main objectives show how the procurement function can contribute to a companys competitiveness (Axelsson et al, 2005): †¢ Cost optimisation (e.g. lower transaction costs and overhead costs) †¢ Asset utilisation (e.g. outsourcing and inventory management) †¢ Value creation (e.g. process/products development and quality improvement) According to Procurement strategy council, the procurement function today is viewed as an important component of a firms strategic arsenal, the modern purchasing department can reduce a firms operational expenditure through streamlined purchasing and price reductions for goods and services. The article discuss that a smart purchasing can reduce costs 20% to 30%, freeing up funds to be used elsewhere. The realization that purchasing can impact bottom line saving has elevated procurements strategic importance. (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001) Improving the Bottom Line Reductions in Procurement Costs Directly Affect Net Income Income Statement (in millions US$) Initial 3% Reduction in OR Revenues $1000$1000 Operating Resources (OR) $350 $339 Direct Materials$220$220 Wages, Salaries, Benefits$200$200 Depreciation$110 $110 Taxes $60$60 Net Income After Taxes $60$71 Reducing purchasing costs translates directly into bottom line savings. By lowering OR costs by $11 million, a firm directly raises its after tax income by the same amount. Source: (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001) Further, van Weele describes in his book, ways that procurement can contribute to the companys competitiveness. They play a critical role in quality assurance by working with suppliers to ensure higher quality standards regarding incoming goods and services. Procurement can also effect how quickly a firm reacts to changes in demand, through increased involvement in supply chain coordination and inventory management. In addition, by reducing purchasing costs the function can contribute to substantial price reductions of the end product. The leverage effect of purchasing can be considerable depending on the purchasing-to-sales ratio and the capital turnover ratio. (van Weele, 2005) Nowadays companies outsource most of their activities, increasing their reliance on the competitiveness of their suppliers. . (J. Hamilton, 2002). As a support case study, the case of Toyota cars (Japan), can be highlighted, wherein 83% of all activities are outsourced form various global suppliers. (Toyota, 2000). This makes the process of procurement quintessential and in fact the most important, in todays business world. If a company procures the right quality products, at the right price, with the right delivery schedule, only then and then alone can it remain productive and competitive in todays environment (Ian McMillan, 2005) This shows that if the procurement process is not right, then the company product, the company image, competitiveness et al would surely take a dive. According to van Weele, â€Å"This is why management has become increasingly aware of the purchasing function†. Once regarded as a reactive activity, the procurement and sourcing process at leading firms is at the forefront of responding to and creating change. (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001) Within the past year, several new research initiatives from different relevant perspectives prove persuasively that excellence in procurement can lead to a host of proven, quantifiable business benefits (Procurement Strategy council, 2001). Lower operating costs, higher ROI, and a direct contribution to the bottom line are among the principal advantages that have been documented. The increased impact from purchasing on corporate performance is supported by a study recently conducted by IBM Business Consulting Services. In the study, called The 2005 Chief Procurement Survey, purchasing managers and other people in leading positions at companies around the world were interviewed concerning the current and future role of purchasing. Many reasons to the increased importance are pointed out, for example the growth in outsourcing, corporate restructuring and increased supplier value adding and risk. (The 2005 Chief Procurement Survey, 2005) Another study, conducted by business consultancy Archstone Consulting, found that nearly 90 percent of participants agreed that procurement plays a strategic role in the competitiveness of their organization, but needs to be further elevated in the organizational hierarchy to be truly effective. (Supply and Demand Chain Executives, 2004) The best-practice companies truly understand the power of procurement, says Pierre Mitchell, a director at The Hackett Group, which recently concluded an in-depth research into the procurement practices of more than 300 companies, found that world-class organizations generate 133 percent greater return on their investment in procurement than the average companies. The bottom line is that world-class companies continue to take a very different view of procurement, looking at it as an investment rather than as a cost center, says Mitchell. This is how they generate the millions of dollars in additional savings that other companies dont see. (Quinn, 2005) Ready or not, procurement is moving to center stage, with top billing on the corporate agenda. At companies around the world, CEOs and boards are counting on procurement initiatives to keep their businesses favourable positioned in todays intensely competitive marketplace. (The Global CPO Survey, 2005) To understand the new found omnipotence of the procurement process in organisational hierarchy, it is imperative to understand the stages of development of the process, right from its inception (Quinn, 2005). Historical Development Relevance : The historical development of procurement would help us to analyse the changing face and role of global procurement practices and understand critically how over the years the concept of procurement has begun to occupy the one of the centre stages for corporate performance . As would be revealed in this section we would find that procurement can no longer be visualised as an isolated entity but has to be strongly viewed as an inherent and integral part of the process of company operations. The historical development of procurement would add on a chronological dimension to understand the growing importance of procurement over the past decades . In the early 1970s, Ansoff, opined that the purchasing process played a passive role in the business organization and did not have any strategic role. (Ellram and Carr, 1994). The 1973-74 oil crisis and related raw materials shortages drew significant attention to the importance of purchasing. However, top management and purchasing professionals, did not react to enhance the role of purchasing in corporate strategy until when Porter came with his famous five force model that shape the competitive nature of industry, identified buyers and suppliers as two of the five critical forces. Thus, the strategic importance of the supplier and the firm as a buying entity began receiving recognition in the mainstream strategy literature. (Ellram and Carr, 1994). Since then 1980s the attitude toward procurement was changes and evolving to a more strategic level. According to the procurement strategy council article, the procurements movement from a tactical to a more strategic role in corporate operations is predicated on a broader shift in corporate strategy. Before World War II, purchasing departments accounted for barely 20% of corporate expenditures. Today, purchasing departments are responsible for 50% to 70% of corporate expenditures. This explanation is supported by Monczka et al. First, that the role of purchasing is presently being reshaped in order to fit the modern economy. This is related to the increasing globalisation, technology development and changing consumer demands. Another conclusion, according to Monczka et al, is that purchasing must continue its integration with customers, information systems, operations etc. (Monczka et al, 2000) The following table shows a compilation of strategic and operation tasks carried out in the procurement function. Strategic Procurement Identify necessary capabilities to match the customers needs regarding flexibility, innovation, agility, quality, responsiveness, cost levels and price levels Assess ones own capabilities (Knowledge, technology, capacity, competence, long term importance, total cost) Assess supplier capabilities (knowledge, technology, capacity, competency, long term imprtance, total cost, type of market, localisation, and substitutability) Model cost drives for items purchased Model Single/ Multiple sourcing effect on total cost Model how supplier relationship affect total cost (cost benefit of engaging in a close supplier relationship) For close supplier relationships share information and knowledge and make relation-specific investments Procurement Process Identify needs Conduct market analysis Send out and expedite RFx Do Background review Negotiate contracts and select suppliers Purchase order fulfilment Monitor supplier performance Internal Tasks Analyse corporate spending Parts bundling Aggregated corporate expenditures Develop relationships with internal customers Reduce maverick buying and promote compliance Disseminating procurement relation information External Tasks Scan for innovations Monitor, disseminate and stimulate Develop new sources Foster external capabilities Source Strategic Procurement Council, 2001. Value Improvement (Value Based Procurement The Organisational Quintessential) Relevance : It is important for us to understand the concept behind value improvements or value based procurement . The fact that tangible and intangible values could be quantified to procurement products and services makes the study of procurement systems all the more interesting for definitive mathematical extrapolation of the relevant results. Value systems and the ability to attribute value systems makes the procurement operational systems multidimensional and unique . Furthermore this is a system which could be aptly applied for effecting improvements in procurement systems for SOM, therefore a thorough investigation of the relevant concept is deemed important for our investigation . To be successful in business, we need to satisfy our customer by providing them with something they perceive as value. Since we are dealing with internal customers and suppliers, the concept of value becomes vital, which is directly linked to customer satisfaction. High customer satisfaction means their needs are met at high level. The customers will be satisfied if the product or service provides them with value. The term ‘value is used in every day business language however it is often misused and misunderstood. The concept of value has many definitions (Zeithaml, 1988; Anderson et al., 1993; Monroe, 1990; Gale, 1994; Woodruff, 1997) but generally they are not distinct. Common themes throughout these definitions are that (Dumond, 2000): Customer value is linked to the use of a product or service, thereby removing it from personal values; Customer value is perceived by the customers rather than objectively determined by the seller; and Customer value typically involves a trade-off between what the customer receives (e.g. quality, benefits, worth) and what he or she gives up to acquire and use a product or service (e.g. price, sacrifices). The concept of value is important for this study since our purpose is to illustrate value improvement initiatives to enhance the current procurement system with Shell Oman Marketing. According to Hill (2005), value can be classified under two headings: Use Value: The properties and qualities that accomplish the function of service or product. Esteem value: the properties, features or attractiveness that causes people to want to own or use it. Value, therefore, consists of a combination of use and esteem properties related to the cost of providing them. However, the measure of value added is directly linked to customer satisfaction. The measurement of procurement activities based on traditional efficiency report, and short terms savings doesnt support value base procurement. In order to reflect shift in the focus in procurement activities, new measurement techniques must be target at those activates which reflect value to the stakeholder. (Butler, 1995). An interesting study conducted by Dumond (1994) about creating a value base procurement. Based on his finding, many firms the operating environment does not support value-based purchasing. Senior management plays a critical role in developing an environment that will support and encourage value-based purchasing, the following steps are recommended: Focus individual purchasers on customers needs and identify the value-adding processes Develop a performance measurement system that emphasizes quality, process improvement, and customer satisfaction Integrate purchasing into the firms communication system (elevate if needed) Educate-not only individual purchasers but also their customers. 2.4Value Analysis Framework To analysis value in a system, it will be useful to the use the value analysis procedure, which is discussed in Terry Hill book of Operation Management (2005). The steps involved are: Select the service or product Gather information about it Analysis its function and its value for money Generate alternative ways to provide the same function through speculation and brain-storming Assess the worth of these ideas. Decide what is to be done Implement the decisions Evaluate the result EFQM Excellence Model Relevance : EFQM system analysis is extremely important for our investigation because EFQM model based on European models of operational management and Quality management help us through an exhaustive interface between strategic inputs and outputs to measure the effectiveness of procurement systems and delve on the findings to derive adequate strengths and measures for any procurement operational system . Since our investigation is essentially based on finding the points of improvement in SOM and capitalising on the strengths an understanding of the relevant model is highly warranted for our investigation and proposed study . Moreover since EFQM model visualise the operational mechanics of procurement system from multidimensional angles it is imperative for us to investigate the mechanics of operation of EFQM model in sufficient details for finding the relevant applicability for our study under investigation . The European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) is widely discussed in the literature and many organizations have applied it as a tool for assessing all aspects of an organisations activities and results. According to EFQM, the model is intended to promote continuous improvement and is an aid to effective benchmarking. Excellence Model was introduced at the beginning of 1992 as the framework for assessing organisations for the European Quality Award. Now it became the most widely used organisational framework in Europe and considered as the basis for the majority of national and regional Quality Awards. 2.4.2Benefit of EFQM The EFQM Excellence Model  is a  business model tool  that can be applied in many different ways: As a business model for being able to assess independently the competency of the organization by the organisation itself. As a measure to benchmark other organisational functioning and strategy. As an improvement tool for highlighting areas to improve. As a common denominator, standard measurement scale or a common vocabulary. As a structural guide for the management of any organisation. The fundamentals of the EFQM Excellence model are based on nine criterions which are cannot be prescribed and such are practical in nature and application. Five of these are Enablers and four are Results. What a particular organisation does, those factors qualify as ‘Enablers†. The achievement of an organisation qualifies as the Results Criterion. Results are caused by Enablers and Enablers are improved using feedback from Results. Excellent results with respect to Performance, Customers, People and Society are achieved through Leadership driving Policy and Strategy that is delivered through People, Partnerships and Resources, and Processes. (Procurement modelling-a discussion, Harvard Review Press, 1996) The Fundamental Concept of EFQM Excellence Model are: Results Orientation Every organisation should look for the outcome of â€Å"enablers† to delight customers. . Customer Focus Excellence is creating sustainable customer value. Leadership and Constancy of Purpose Excellence is visionary backed by inspirational leadership, with constancy of purpose. . Management by Processes and Facts Excellence is managing the organisation through a set of interdependent and interrelated systems, processes and facts. People Development and Involvement Excellence is maximising employee contribution through employee development and involvement. Continuous Learning, Innovation and Improvement Excellence is challenging the status quo and bringing change by learning and innovation. Partnership Development Excellence is developing and maintaining value-adding partnerships. Corporate Social Responsibility Excellence is exceeding the minimum regulatory framework in which the organisation operates and to strive to understand and respond to the expectati ons of their stakeholders in society (Harvard Review Press, 1996) 2.5 Procurement Value Improvement Framework (The Shell Oman perspective) The structure of literature is in line with the value analysis framework. First, we identified the service we want to investigate, which procurement activities in Shell Oman Marketing. Secondly, we provided information about the procurement function in Shell Oman and its structure. Thirdly, we use Soft System Methodology (SSM), which is strong in analyzing a holistic situation and capture qualitative data. The SSM will only be used to develop understanding of the challenges exist in the current system. Unstructured Interview is strong in determine many qualities aspect which will be useful in revealing out issues and problems that other method of research can meet this object effectively. Therefore, to get different perception, it will be useful to carry out a survey through an interview with five key internal business stakeholders to analysis the strength and weakness of current contract and procurement activities. Fourthly, we dig in the literature and journals to search for ways o f adding value improvement to procurement function. Plus, interviews with two large companies in similar field to identifying the industry best practice in procurement function. Fifthly, an analysis of all the procurement best practices generated from above stage, which will be discussed in chapter 4 in detail. Sixthly, in chapter 5, based on the analysis, we will recommend the way forward. Unfortunately, this research will be limited at the recommendation stage and will not have the opportunity to implement and evaluation the result. 2.6The Purchasing Maturity (Organisational Stratagem) We can observe that the purchasing role in providing added value has evolved and has been modified along with the importance and the place taken by purchasing in organizations. In figure 3 the main values added by purchasing are related to each of the evolution stages towards purchasing maturity (van Weele, 1998). In the first stage the main value added by purchasing is by assuring the continuity of the supply. In the second stage the already purchased items have an increased importance in companys costing cost structure. The role of purchasing then left is to minimize material costs and improve /up the bottom line. Stage 3 would center on co-ordination between various departments .The main values added by purchasing are greater compliance with pre-negotiated contracts, uniform buying policies and systems and capturing the benefits from internal co-ordination. The next stage lays stress on use of inter-functional teams and the reduction pf the total systems costs satisfaction of the internal customer seems to be the main focus of purchasing then. The supply orientation stage envisages the selection of suppliers on strategic company guidelines, requirements, long-term relationships design, supplier network management and early involvement in the new product development process. In the final s tage the main goal is to design the most effective and efficient value chain possible to serve the end customer. This last stage is characterized by an extensive use of cross- functional supplier development teams and a close collaboration on advance technology with suppliers. (Telgen Sitar, 2001) 2.7 Categories of Value Added Procurement The literature review highlights five main categories of value added procurement which are representative and important for every organization: Better contracts Improved purchasing efficiency Customer satisfaction (improved quality and service) Closer and more cooperative relationships with suppliers Reduced costs, improved quality and increased time to market resulting from an early involvement of the purchasing department in the new product development process (NPD). The first four categories of values added are based on Leenders and Schiele (1999). Basically, the researcher took one aspect from each of the above categories of value added. The role of the purchasing department should be considered from all possible angles and viewpoints. There is an increasing contribution of the purchasing department in the new process development in todays organisations, with specific and special interests in -the contribution of the purchasing department in the areas of quality, cost and time to market resulting from an early involvement of the purchasing department in the NPD process. The Resource Based View of Procurement Relevance : The analysis of this model for procurement is important for adding diversity to our investigation of procurement systems and their mechanics . Resource based view of procurement is one of the important views for procurement practices from the global perspective especially from the point of view of competing firms in highly dense and competitive markets , where because of oligopoly of procurement practising firms each firm would have to build a set of unique identifiable resources to capitalise on a